Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Efecto de la Acacia melanoxylon en diferentes niveles más enzimas fibrolíticas sobre el comportamiento productivo y digestibilidad en ovinos(2022-09) Abarca Cabrera, Alex Enrique; Aragadvay Yungán, Ramón GonzaloThe objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of Acacia melanoxylon plus fibrolytic enzymes on the productive behavior and digestibility in sheep. This research was carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences - UTA. 18 weaned sheep with an average weight of 15 kg were used, in a completely randomized design (DCA) with three groups and 6 repetitions, with diets: T0: Control diet that does not contain inclusion of Acacia melanoxylon, T1: 15% inclusion of Acacia melanoxylon and T2: 30% inclusion of Acacia melanoxylon + 0.2% fibrolytic enzymes. Voluntary intake, weight gain, feed conversion and digestibility in sheep were evaluated. The voluntary consumption of Dry Matter was higher (0.0002) for T1 (1265.25) and T2 (1268.85) compared to T0 (863.75), in Organic Matter it showed differences being higher (0.0002) for T1 (1207.43) and T2 (1206.05) in relation to T0 (831.35); In neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber there were very significant differences (<0.0001) between treatments, being the highest T2 (442.00 and 97.72 respectively) for the other treatments. The weight gain obtained differences between treatments (P=0.0288) being higher for T1 (147.90) and the best feed conversion was for T2 (0.08). The apparent digestibility of DM and OM did not show significant differences; however, there is an increase in digestibility in T1 (67.48 MS and 68.42 MO) and T2 (72.97 MS and 75.53 MO) compared to T0 that only obtained (44.18 MS and 45. 14 MO). In neutral detergent fiber they did not show significant differences (0.0002) for T1 (31,40) and T2 (50,27) in relation to T0 (13.92); And the acid detergent fiber did not show significant differences between T0 (22.39) and T1 (22.58) but the best digestibility of (FDA) was obtained by T2 (37.46). The voluntary intake of digestible DM was higher (0.0002) for T1 (874.82) and T2 (908.58) compared to T0 (637.30); In MO, a difference (0.0004) was found, being (846.30) for T1 and (869.50) for T2, while T0 obtained (627.32); FDN and FDA showed significant differences (<0.0001) in T2 (218.88 and 35.58 respectively). The voluntary consumption of the metabolic weight in DM was higher (0.0009) in T1 (106.93) and T2 (109.66) for T0 (79.65); in MO it was higher (0.0013) for T1 (102.03) and T2 (104.23) compared to T0 (76.67); in FDN and FDA in T2 were significantly different for (<0.0001) being (38.20 and 7.81 respectively). It was concluded that the use of Acacia melanoxylon plus fibrolytic enzymes improves the productive performance and digestibility in sheep.Item Efecto de la adición de Bacillus spp. en ensilaje de maíz (Zea mays) sobre la cinética de degradación ruminal in situ y fermentación ruminal in vitro.(2017) Solís Villacrés, Ricardo David; Barros Rodríguez, MarcosThe effect of the addition of Bacillus spp. in maize (Zea mays) stubble silage was evaluated on the in situ ruminal degradation kinetics and ruminal fermentation in vitro according to a completely randomized design with four dose treatments of Bacillus spp. (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 ml/Kg DM). Determined the content of Dry Matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FDA) and the Effective Degradation (ED) of DM. In vitro digestibility consisted of incubating the samples with ruminal fluid for 48 h, in situ degradation of MS was performed in 6 male castrated cattle, weighing approximately 450 kg of mestizo breed, with a cannula fistula in the rumen (Bar Diamond, Parma, Idaho, USA). Maintained in zinc roof pens and cement floor, the animals were fed with a diet based on alfalfa fodder, the incubation times were 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. The data obtained were adjusted to the model of Orskov & McDonald (1979) to establish the soluble (a), insoluble but potentially degradable fractions (b), degradation rates in % per hour (c), passage rates (k) 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 (k /% h) and effective degradability (ED). Regarding the degradability of DM, the treatments T3 and T4 showed higher values in the insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (b) (45% and 44%, respectively). In relation to ruminal degradation of OM, soluble fraction (a) was higher (P = <.0001) in T1 (37%), T2 (39%) and T4 (38%) in relation to T3, the Insoluble fraction but potentially degradable (b) was higher (P = <.0001) in T3 (45%) and T4 (44%). The effective degradation with different passage rates (k) was greater (P> 0.05) in T2 and T4 than in the other treatments. The in vitro digestibility of DM and OM did not show differences (P = 0.1372 and P = 0.1169, respectively) between treatments. The ruminal pH in the 4 and 12 hours decreased in treatments T1, T2, T3 compared to T4 (7.11 and 7.36 respectively) post-incubation. Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3) presented statistical differences between treatments at hours 2, 4 and 8 post-incubation sampling, obtaining the highest (P <0.05) NH3 the experiments incubated with the silage treated with the highest dose of Bacillus spp. (T4). In the production of VFAs, propionic acid is higher in treatments T3 and T4 in hours (2, 4) and (2, 4 and 8) respectively.Item Efecto del consumo de dietas a base de Artocarpus altilis y Theobroma cacao sobre la degradación ruminal de los nutrientes en bovinos(2017) Minda Costa, María Belén; Barros Rodríguez, MarcosAn alternative for the reduction of production costs is the use of agricultural by-products or products that partially replace the grains and that provide the basic nutrients to meet the demands of productivity. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of the consumption of Artocarpus altilis and Theobroma cacao on ruminal in situ degradation and ruminal function in vitro. Six bulls, with a rumen fistula (Bar Diamond, Parma, Idaho, USA) of approximately 2 years of age with a mean weight of 350 kg, kept in zinc roof pens, cement floors, with a history of grass, and hay consumption. The animals were randomly assigned according to each treatment: T1: 0% inclusion of Artocarpus altilis and Theobroma cacao. T2; 15% inclusion of Theobroma cacao. T3: 15% inclusion of Artocarpus altilis. Differences were observed in the parameters of in vitro gas production when evaluating the effect of ruminal fluids (inocula: LD1, LD2 and LD3 ruminant liquids from animals consuming three types of diets D1, D2 and D3) and diets (D1; (P <0.0001) accumulated production of gas ml / 0.5g fermentable MS (GV) in all the incubated diets in ruminal fluid LD2. In the parameters of degradation of MS and MO in situ there is a difference between the degradation between diets (D1, D2 and D3, MS P = 0.0027, P = 0.0027, P = 0.0045 and MO, P = 0.0367, P = 0.0173, P = 0.0249, respectively), where an effect was obtained in the comparison (Diet 1 x Diet 2) and (Diet 1 x Diet 2 x Diet 3). In vitro digestibility was observed between ruminal fluids and the in vitro digestibility of OM and DM of the incubated diets (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0041 respectively), as well as the effect of diets (P = 0.0082 and P = 0.0131 respectively). Obtaining the highest digestibility of the diets incubated in the ruminales liquids of the bulls fed diets D1 and D3 (LD1 and LD3). In terms of Ammonia, Volatile Fatty Acids and ruminal pH in situ ammoniacal nitrogen shows differences between treatments at the different sampling times, obtaining the highest (P <0.05) pH and N-NH3 the animals fed diets D2 and D3 respectively. Regarding VFAs, acetic acid is higher (P <0.05) in bulls fed with D2 and D3. Propionic acid was higher (P = 0.0001) in bulls fed D2 and D3 (0 h) and higher (P = 0.0001) in animals fed D1 and D3 (4 h). Key words: in vitro, in situ, digestibility, gas production, degradation, dry matter, organic matter.Item Composición química y cinética de degradación ruminal de forraje verde hidropónico de avena a cuatro tiempos de cosecha(2017) Paillacho De La Cruz, Nelly Rocío; Barros Rodríguez, MarcosThe aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the harvest age on the nutritional value of hydroponic green oat forage (HGOF). The research was carried out in the Faculty of Agriculture Sciences of the Technical University of Ambato. The seeds used of oat were of the variety INIAP 82. The planting density was 6.4kg/m2, the chemical fertilization was done covering the nutritional requirements for the cultivation by irrigation water (1L/m2 every 6 h). The experiment was conducted under a completely random design with four treatments (harvest times: T1:8, T2:11, T3:14 and T4:17 days) and six replicates. Were analyzed the following response variables: chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and in situ ruminal degradation of nutrients, this test was performed using the nylon bag in the rumen and six bulls of approximately 450±49 kg of live weight. The results show a greater (P=0.0012) MS content in treatments T2(94.56), T3(95.29) and T4(95.28), with respect to OM, FDA, EB did not show differences between treatments (P>0.05). However, NDF and Ash was higher (P<0.05) in treatments T3 and T4 (45.72 y 47.91, 4.46 y 4.91 respectively) in relation to the other treatments respectively. The potential degradation of DM and OM (A+B) did not show differences between treatments (P>0.05), however, in the effective degradation was greater (P<0.005) en T1 y T2. Regarding the degradation potential (A+B) and effective degradation of the NDF and ADF, they did not show differences between treatments evaluated (P>0.05). In vitro digestibility of DM and OM did not show differences between treatments (P>0.05). Under the conditions of this study it can be concluded that harvest times of FVHA for the feeding of ruminants are between 8 and 11 days, as it contains the highest nutrient content and better ruminal degradation parameter.Item Evaluación de tres abonos verdes, mezclas de leguminosa más gramínea, crucífera y amaranthaceae, en los suelos agrícolas degradados del cantón Bolívar(2016) Aguilar Aguilar, Manuel Eraclio; Villacís Aldaz, Luis AlfredoThis research work was to identify the potential of herbaceous plant species (Domesticated and wild), in the production of biomass, the purpose of recovering degraded soils in the in the area of influence of the irrigation system Montúfar, canton Bolivar, Carchi province. Investigative plots were located the area of San Joaquin, parish Bolivar, located at 2510 meters above sea level. The treatments were: association of forage oat (Avena sativa, L., more Vicia (Vicia hajastana, C.); Wild Radish (Raphanus sativus, L.); Pigweed (Amaranthus dubius, L.); and the absolute control with weedy plants. Planting is done volley and the witness not sowed seeds were born propagated plants on the site. Design Randomized Complete Block (DBCA) with four treatments and three replications. The evaluated variables were subjected to deva and Tukey test at 5%; high significance in determining the variable dry matter production; the highest yield obtained treatment one 5.4 t/ha, the witness with wild turnip obtained 4.03 t/ha. The greatest contribution of green matter was obtained T1, 4,5t/ha followed by T2, 1,5t/ha. The largest increase in organic matter in the soil, 30 days built the green material was obtained with T4, with 1,4 % and T3, with 1,31%. Keywords: Association, Vicia, pigweed, volley, domesticated, weeds, ADEVA, Tukey, dry matter, organic matter, biomassItem Evaluación de tres fuentes de zeolitas en la producción del cultivo de arveja Pisum sativum L. y la salinización del suelo en Chaltura provincia de Imbabura(2015) Castro Proaño, Edgar Raúl; Pérez Salinas, Marco OswaldoEn esta investigación se aplicó el Diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables fueron: Días a la emergencia, Altura de planta, Días al inicio de la floración, Numero de vainas/ planta, numero de granos /vaina, Días a la cosecha en vaina verde, Rendimiento de parcela neta en vaina verde, Rendimiento por hectárea en vaina verde (kg), Conductividad eléctrica y Análisis económico, las variables fueron sometidas al adeva, prueba de Tukey al 5%. Al valorar altura de planta a los 30, 45 y 60 días después de la siembra y días al inicio de la floración se determinó diferencias significativas, en donde el tratamiento 3 con un valor de 19.95 cm presento el promedio más alto para altura de planta a los 30 días, 27.85 cm de altura de planta a los 45 días para el tratamiento 3 y un valor de 45.35 cm para el tratamiento número tres a los 60 días. Los tratamientos 2 y 3 sobresalieron en, número de vainas por planta, granos por vaina, días a la cosecha y óptimos rendimientos en vaina verde. El análisis económico determinó que el tratamiento 2 obtiene el mejor ingreso neto (6312.0 USD) con un beneficio costo B/C de 2.22 dólares; sin existir diferencias significativas para conductividad eléctrica, materia orgánica, Ph del suelo y macro y micro elementos.Item Transformación de los lodos generados en el Camal Municipal en compost para uso en el cultivo de vicia (Vicia sativa)(2014-07-18) Ordóñez Andrade, Gabriela Mercedes; Gutiérrez Albán, Alberto CristóbalEl propósito de este trabajo de investigación es la elaboración de un compostaje en base a los lodos generados por el Camal Frigorífico Ambato, inoculando Trichoderma harzianum se evaluó si el uso de este hongo provee de un abono de mejor calidad, que a más de ser amigable con el medio ambiente ayudará a darle un uso a los deshechos que son producidos por esta institución evitando la contaminación en los ríos aledaños. Se realizaronanálisis físico y químico del abono orgánico y adicionalmente análisis para determinación de hongos y bacterias en cada uno. Según los análisis se llegaron a la conclusión que la inoculación de este hongo no produce ningún cambio en el proceso de compostaje.