Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica
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Item Análisis de propiedades mecánicas a utensilios biodegradables(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica, 2025-02) Araujo Pérez, Kevin Ricardo; Reinoso Manobanda, Marlon Joel; López Velástegui, Jorge EnriqueThis analysis aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of biodegradable spoons and forks to determine their viability as a sustainable alternative to conventional utensils. The development of prototypes from biodegradable materials allows competition in relation to plastic products due to their high contamination worldwide. Mechanical parameters were analyzed to determine whether the material used in the fork and spoon prototypes are efficient and comparable to plastic utensils. These mechanical parameters include bending, tensile, hardness and hydrophobicity, the first three parameters are performed on a universal mechanical testing machine, while the last one is performed in a conventional way with a design program, where the contact angle was measured. The materials used for the fork and spoon prototypes are a key element to achieve similar properties to plastic and biodegradable utensils already on the market, so corn starch and wheat starch were chosen. The analysis of these parameters was compared qualitatively and quantitatively. The results obtained showed that the utensils made from wheat starch have similar characteristics, being in some aspects superior to plastic and biodegradable utensils on the market. In addition, their hydrophobic behaviour was optimal, as the contact angle exceeded 90 degrees at most points, making them a viable alternative for the biodegradable utensil industry.Item Caracterización mecánica de un biopolímero a partir del almidón de maíz (Zea Mays) y fréjol (Phaseolus Vulgaris) obtenido mediante DOE-mezclas(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica, 2024-08) Ramos Peres, Marilyn Aracelly; Paredes Salinas, Juan GilbertoCurrently, one of the problems that most affects the environment is the excessive production of plastics that are made from petroleum. These plastics take a long time to degrade, so alternatives have been sought to replace them. In addition, the manufacture of these plastics uses non-renewable resources, generating a great deal of environmental pollution. In this research, through the experimental design by mixtures (DOE), it was possible to know the ideal quantity of starch, glycerin, distilled water and acetic acid for the production of the test tubes. With the DOE, 19 mixtures were obtained, each with 3 repetitions, in order to determine the mechanical properties; Also, tensile, biodegradability and microscopy tests were performed on all the test tubes. The results were tabulated and the best combination to obtain the bioplastic was 150 ml of distilled water, 10.71 g of white carrot starch, 10.71 g of chickpea starch, 4.25 ml of glycerin and 1.70 ml of acetic acid. This formulation corresponds to case 18. When performing the tensile tests, an elasticity modulus of 22.14 MPa, a tensile strength of 2.11 MPa and an elongation percentage of 3.25 percent were obtained. In the biodegradability test, it was verified that mixture 17 is the one with the highest percentage of biodegradation in soil, with a value of 39.29 percent. As a result, it is said that the bioplastic has mechanical properties similar to common plastics.Item Caracterización mecánica de un biopolímero a partir del almidón de zanahoria blanca (Arracacia Xanthorrhiza) y garbanzo (Cicer Arietinum) obtenido mediante DOE-mezclas(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica, 2024-08) Chicaiza Lema, Ángel Arturo; Paredes Salinas, Juan GilbertoIn recent years, the consumption of petroleum-derived plastic has increased considerably, generating an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. To address this problem, we have sought to develop a new material such as bioplastic from the starch of different plants as a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative. In this research, test tubes were prepared based on the experimental design by mixtures (DOE), which allowed determining the amount of starch, distilled water, acetic acid and glycerin. 19 cases were obtained, each with 3 replicas, allowing their mechanical properties to be better determined. Tensile, biodegradability and microscopy tests were carried out for each test tube, with the results obtained it was evident that the best combination was 150 ml of distilled water, 10.71 g of white carrot starch, 10.71 g of chickpea starch, 4.25 ml of glycerin and 1.70 ml of acetic acid belonging to case 18, which, from the tensile test, the elastic modulus of 11.86 MPa, a maximum tensile stress of 1.664 MPa and an elongation percentage of 3.04 percent were obtained. While, from the biodegradability test, a biodegradation in soil of 33.68 percent and in air of 18.72 percent was obtained in a period of 32 days. As a result, it was obtained that the bioplastic has mechanical properties very similar to common plastics.Item Estudio de dureza en materiales biodegradables para la elaboración de cuchillos(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica, 2024-08) Machado Muñoz, Elias Bladimir; Yancha Masaquiza, Michael Paúl; López Velástegui, Jorge EnriqueThe study aims to analyze the resistance and viability of various biodegradable materials on the market for the manufacture of knives, comparing them with the properties of the plastic materials used and determining their suitability as sustainable alternatives in the production of bioplastic knives and contributing to the production of bioplastic knives. in reducing plastic waste that pollutes the environment. The research includes hardness, bending and tensile tests of the selected materials, using appropriate methods, as well as specialized software for design and simulation. Key mechanical properties, such as hardness, elastic modulus, and percent elongation, were evaluated to determine the ability of biodegradable materials to maintain a sharp edge so that they can resist deformation under applied loads. Bending tests showed that bamboo-reinforced wheat bioplastics offered greater resistance to deformation compared to unreinforced bioplastics and other plastic knives. In tensile tests, wheat bioplastic demonstrated higher tensile strength and elongation capacity compared to regular plastic. As a result of the tests carried out, it is considered that the biodegradable materials studied are not only viable from an environmental point of view, but also meet the essential hardness requirements to perform well in cutting different foods. promoting the adoption of new sustainable alternatives in the utensils industry.Item Caracterización mecánica de un biopolímero a partir del almidón del camote y celulosa de brócoli obtenido mediante mezclas DOE(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica, 2024-08) Guallichico Acurio, Johanna Elizabeth; Paredes Salinas, Juan GilbertoCurrently, the environmental impact of sudden climate changes is considered relevant, giving rise to the concept of creating environmentally friendly products, giving way to biodegradable materials, which seek to reduce waste, create new renewable materials, among other ideals, with the help of technological advances. The experimental project focused on the mechanical characterization of a biopolymer seeking to optimize its properties for potential applications; through a design of experiments (DOE), different combinations of sweet potato starch and cellulose were explored to determine the influence of their proportions on the mechanical properties of the material. It was planned in three main stages: extraction to ensure the quality of the raw materials; analysis of the influence of the different proportions of the components on the tensile strength, elastic modulus, toughness, hardness and elongation at break of the biopolymer through statistical analysis; and the precise characterization of the mechanical properties of the material according to current standards. As a result, the present work proposed that first the relationship between the composition of the biopolymer and its mechanical properties must be determined, then the three best combinations of starch and cellulose should be identified to obtain the desired characteristics, which will contribute to the development of biopolymers with controlled mechanical properties, offering an ecological and sustainable alternative, opening new possibilities for its application in various sectors, with these results it can be used in the development of disposable products, contributing with one more alternative to safeguard the planet.Item Caracterización y fabricación de madera plástica a partir de la mezcla de aserrín de Pigüe con tereftalato de polietileno reciclado(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica, 2024-06) Mesias Erazo, Gilber Israel; Nuñez Nuñez, Omar Israel; Paredes Salinas, Juan GilbertoIn the field of Materials Engineering, the demand for improving the mechanical properties of new materials is growing. Experimental design (DOE) with response surface methodology (MSR) under Box– Behnken design was used in this experimental work. This approach allows the manipulation of three input factors with three levels each: extrusion temperature (160, 170 and 180 degrees Celsius), size of Pigüe scrape fibers (No.30, No. 40 and No. 50, under ASTM E11) and percentage of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET 1) (92, 95 y 98 percent). To investigate the behavior of the results obtained and identify their optimal performance points. This methodology facilitated the evaluation of mechanical properties by means of traction tests (ASTM D638-14), compression tests (ASTM D695-15) and flexion tests (ASTM D790-17), followed by the compilation and analysis of the data obtained. Traction, compression and flexion results were tabulated and an analysis was carried out which cast the following suitable case: a thimble number of 30 (ASTM E11) for the size of the particles of the shell, with a 98 percent percentage of PET 1 in the mixture and an extrusion temperature of 160 degrees Celsius. This suitable case exhibits the following mechanical characteristics: for traction, a strength of 13.97 MPa, for compression, a resistance of 3.60 MPa and for bending, a maximum effort of 19.84 MPa. Finally, the design regression model MSR reflects a global desirability value of 0.6085. Keywords: MSR, Box–Behnken, Pigue, PET recycled, DItem Modelo de material para perfiles conformado en frío de sección transversal UV de acero a36, para espesores de 10 mm y 12 mm(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica, 2024-02) Caiza Llumitasig, Edisson Dario; Pullutasig Chuquisala, David Andrés; Peña Jordán, Francisco AgustínThe material model obtained for cold-formed UV cross-section profiles of ASTM A36 steel, for thicknesses of 10 mm and 12 mm, is presented as a versatile and efficient structural solution. This model has been developed considering its mechanical properties and its usefulness in the construction industry due to its resistance and ease of forming. To analyze the impact of the mechanical properties in the cross section of the profile obtained, three types of tests were carried out. In the tensile test, the ASTM E8 standard was applied, evaluating its mechanical properties, taking into account the tensile strength, elastic limit and modulus of elasticity in the specimens of the different sections (wings, back, curves) of the profile. Using the ASTM E10 standard, the hardness test was carried out on specimens extracted for each thickness, determining their hardness in the virgin material and in the cross section of the UV profile. Using the ASTM E-112 standard, the metallographic test was applied, obtaining micrographic photographs of the grains of the virgin material and the affectation in the cross section of the UV profile. As a result, the mechanical tests carried out show a comprehensive view of the mechanical properties in the cross section of the UV profile, highlighting a greater rigidity in the 12 mm profile and a greater impact on the mechanical properties in the curved sections of the profile, reaching maximum stresses. tensile strength of 551.5 MPa and 554.21 MPa for thicknesses of 10 mm and 12 mm.Item Evaluación de propiedades mecánicas de materiales compuestos fabricados a partir de envases plásticos reciclados y goma de neumáticos pulverizados(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica, 2023-09) Aleaga Ulloa, Yessenia Patricia; Valle Velasco, Pablo RaúlThis innovative technique seeks to take advantage of plastic waste and used tires, providing a sustainable and economical alternative for its reuse. The evaluation of mechanical properties is of paramount importance to determine the feasibility and performance of these composite materials. This topic focuses on the evaluation of the mechanical properties of a composite material with a resin matrix, using recycled plastic containers and pulverized tire rubber as reinforcement. Comprehensive tests and analyzes have been carried out covering compressive, flexural, tensile strength and SEM Test (Scanning Electron Microscopy). These tests allow us to measure and understand in depth the mechanical characteristics of the material, that is, its ability to support loads, resist deformation and meet specific design requirements. The use of recycled plastic packaging and pulverized tire rubber as reinforcement in the resin matrix presents a promising approach to improve the mechanical properties of the composite material. It is expected that this type of materials will contribute to the development of more sustainable and environmentally friendly products, reduce the amount of plastic waste and abandoned tires. Therefore, meticulous evaluation of the mechanical properties of these composite materials is essential to ensure their quality and applicability in various industries. The results obtained from these tests allow us to obtain crucial information for its implementation in the design and manufacture of more resistant, efficient and sustainable products in the future.Item Análisis de las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de la madera de Seique (Cedrelinga Catenaeformis) proveniente del cantón Tena provincia de Napo y su factibilidad como elemento estructural de acuerdo con la Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción (NEC 2015)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2023-09) Acosta Naranjo, José Andrés; Ureña Aguirre, Maritza ElizabethThe construction industry has a key role in global sustainability due to its high demand for resources and CO2 emissions. However, the use of materials such as bamboo and wood from sustainable forests can positively contribute to the storage of CO2 during its growth, offsetting its emssions during production. The research analyzed the physical and mechanical properties of the timber species Cedrelinga Catenaeformis from the Amazon region of Ecuador, and its suitability as a structural material according to the NEC 2015. Samples from the Tena canton were collected at 4 commercialization points, laboratory tests were carried out in accordance with the ASTM D 143-14 standard, which allowed determining the maximum stresses and the modulus of elasticity to static bending, traction and compression parallel to the fiber of each sample. When carrying out this investigation, it was possible to obtain maximum values of modulus of elasticity of tension parallel to grain of 17,603.29 MPa, compresion paralele to grain of 4,459.86 MPa, static bending of 10,723 MPa, as well as maximum admissible stresses for tension parallel to grain of 46.23 MPA, compression parallel to grain of 15.93 MPa and static bending of 30.23 MPa of Seique wood, could be compared with the requirements of the Ecuadorian Construction Standard (NEC 2015 chapter 8) determining that it is considered a timber species suitable for use as a structural element with certain limitations. . With this, it was possible to create a summary table of the physical and mechanical characteristics that would serve as a guide for the design of wooden structures in EcuadorItem Efecto de la secuencia de apilamiento sobre las propiedades mecánicas y termomecánicas mediante análisis dinámico mecánico (MDA) del compuesto de matriz epoxi reforzado con fibras natural (Chambira) y sintética(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica, 2023-03) Salazar Garcés, Dennis Patricio; Paredes Salinas, Juan GilbertoThis project details the effect of the stacking sequence regarding the thermomechanical and mechanical properties of the composite based on natural fiber (chambira) reinforced with synthetic fiber (glass, carbon and kevlar) and epoxy resin. The composite laminates were pure chambira fiber/epoxy, pure synthetic fiber/epoxy, and hybrid chambira fiber/synthetic/epoxy; They were molded by infusion process and subjected to curing and finally CO2 laser cutting. A descriptive statistic was performed, since due to the asymmetry of the cases it is only possible to analyze the incidence of the stacking sequence on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties by means of DMA of the compounds. Once the tests were completed and the results tabulated, using records and graphs, it was possible to observe that there is a clear advantage of the pure carbon fiber composite, since it far exceeds the rest of the compounds in all the tests. For the hybrid compounds, it was observed that there is no marked domain since some compounds behave better than others depending on the tests to which they have been subjected. Regarding the glass transition temperature, it could be corroborated with what is indicated by the manufacturer in the technical data sheet, where it mentions that the temperature at which the epoxy resin crystallizes is 91 degrees Celsius and in the results of the mechanical dynamic analysis carried out, values were obtained. which always hovered around 90 degrees Celsius.