Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica

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Start date: 2020Subject: search.filters.subject.RESISTENCIA A COMPRESIÓN

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    Predicción de la resistencia a compresión en hormigón simple mediante un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil., 2025-02) Gatia Caiza, Alisson Natalia; Viscaíno Cuzco, Mayra Alexandra
    The construction industry has relied on traditional methods to determine the compressive strength of concrete for the past few decades. These conventional procedures, characterized by their destructive nature and long waiting periods, have generated economic losses and delays in project execution over the years. Faced with this problem, it is appropriate to develop non-destructive predictive models that allow obtaining the compressive strength value of concrete immediately, to optimize construction processes and reduce costs associated with delays in project execution. The objective of this research work was to develop a multiple linear regression model that estimates the compressive strength of plain concrete at 7, 14, and 28 days. This research was structured in four phases to meet the established objectives: in the preliminary phase, a database was built on the physical properties that influence the compressive strength of concrete. Then, in the first phase, the predictors considered for the construction of the MLR predictive model were determined. Subsequently, in the second phase, the predictive capacity of the model was evaluated using evaluation metrics for prediction. Finally, in the third phase, the MLR model was validated by comparing its predictions with the compressive strength values obtained in concrete cylinders made with materials from the area. The multiple linear regression model built from a database with 179 records of factors that influence the compressive strength of concrete contains 13 independent variables. This model proved to have a good fit to the data, with an adjusted coefficient of determination equal to 0.7934. This value indicates that the model explains 79 percent of the behavior of the compressive strength of concrete. To evaluate the predictive capacity of the model during the testing stage, a test with 35 data was carried out, the results obtained with the evaluation metrics such as RMSE and MAPE is equal ± 20.195 kg/cm2 and 7.17 percent, respectively. Likewise, during the validation stage, the multiple linear regression model for the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days presented a MAPE of 10 percent and an RMSE equal to ± 22.148 kg/cm2. These results indicate that the proposed predictive model has an acceptable predictive capacity.
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    Comparación de hormigones elaborados con dosificación de 210 kg/cm2 con y sin adición de ceniza de cáscara de huevo
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2025-02) Freire Herrera, Genesis Janeth; Bayas Altamirano, Myriam Marisol
    Agro-industrial waste is a worldwide problem today due to the large amount of waste generated and its poor final disposal. The following experimental work dealt with the production of concrete with a dosage of 210 kilograms per square centimeter, with and without the addition of eggshell ash. To do this, eggshells were collected for a month, which were dried, ground and calcined. Once the ash was obtained, a detailed characterization of all the materials involved in the dosage was carried out using the Optimum Density Method, including moisture content, density, granulometry and absorption. With this information, concrete mixtures were designed with different percentages of fine aggregate replacement by eggshell ash (5, 15 and 30 percent). Once the compressive strength tests were carried out, they revealed a differentiated behavior depending on the curing age and the proportion of eggshell ash incorporated. Initially, at 7 days, a 5.23 percent increase in compressive strength was observed with a 5 percent ash substitution, suggesting that a low concentration of this material can enhance the early development of concrete strength. However, the formulations with higher ash additions (15 and 30 percent) did not exhibit this initial improvement, showing a decrease of 13.81 and 22.82 percent, respectively. Subsequently, at 14 days, the samples with 5 and 30 percent additions experienced a 12.03 and 20.99 percent reduction in strength compared to the standard sample. In contrast, the specimens with a 15 percent inclusion did not show a significant decline, remaining within the target range for a 210 kilograms per square centimeter concrete. Finally, the compressive strength test applied at 28 days of age revealed that the specimens with a 15 percent replacement showed a notable increase of 13.96 percent in strength compared to the standard sample. In contrast, the specimens with a 5 percent replacement showed a strength that remained within the target range, indicating that this proportion does not negatively affect strength, although it does not generate a significant increase either. However, the 30 percent replacement was counterproductive, showing a 24.58 percent decrease in strength. These results demonstrate the potential of eggshell ash as a partial substitute to improve the properties of concrete and encourage continued research and promotion of eco-sustainable practices in the construction industry.
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    Desarrollo y evaluación a compresión de mampuestos prensados interconectables con incorporación de vidrio pulverizado y catalizador agotado de craqueo catalítico fluidizado (FCC) como sustitutos parciales del cemento
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2025-02) Pérez Núñez, Allison Daniela; Peñafiel Valla, Lourdes Gabriela
    The construction industry faces the challenge of meeting growing infrastructure demand while reducing its environmental impact. This study proposed the development of interlocking pressed masonry units with powdered glass and spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) as partial cement substitutes, seeking to optimize resources and mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. Cement is responsible for 8 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions, derived from the clinker production process and the use of fossil fuels. Additionally, traditional bricks involve high energy consumption and atmospheric pollution due to their firing in kilns. These limitations demand sustainable solutions that maintain or exceed the mechanical performance of conventional materials. The methodology applied in this research included the characterization of materials such as soil, powdered glass, and FCC catalyst, as well as the development and evaluation of masonry unit prototypes through standardized testing and dosage. This process ensured scientific validity and allowed for objective comparison with existing commercial products. Raw material collection, processing, and compressive strength testing formed an integral part of the methodological approach. In this research, the Interlocking Pressed Masonry units (IPM) developed incorporated powdered glass and FCC, materials with pozzolanic properties that improved mechanical strength and eliminated the need for firing, reducing energy consumption. Results showed that, with a 5 percent cement replacement, a compressive strength of 3.58 MPa at 28 days was achieved for powdered glass and 3.09 MPa for FCC, surpassing the performance of traditional bricks (3.51 MPa) and conventional blocks (1.65 MPa) tested at 28 days, where they show maximum results. This research demonstrated the viability of recycled materials in construction, optimizing structural performance and reducing costs and carbon footprint, establishing a precedent in the industry for alternative and environmentally responsible materials.
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    Análisis del comportamiento a compresión y corte puro de hormigón permeable para distintas relaciones agua/cemento con adición de fibras de polipropileno
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2025-02) Núñez Pérez, José David; Ramírez Cabrera, Wladimir José
    Pervious concrete is a material widely used as pavement in surface layers; however, its use is limited to lower load conditions due to its porous structure. Its application contributes to reduce problems generated by surface runoff such as flooding, soil erosion, and reduction of groundwater resources. Despite the existence of multiple investigations on their design and properties, a limitation has been identified in the analysis of their behavior under shear stresses. This property is crucial due to the fragility of concrete under such conditions, which can cause sudden failures in its structure. The research focused on analyzing the pure compressive and shear strength of permeable concrete for water/cement ratios of 0.30 and 0.35, and the addition of polypropylene macrofibers at 2.50 and 4.00 kilograms per cubic meter. The dosage was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the ACI Committee PRC-522-23, using 1/2 inch gravel and 10 percent sand. Prior to obtaining the mechanical properties, physical properties such as density, porosity and permeability were determined. Subsequently, compressive strength was determined based on the NTE INEN 1573/ASTM C39 standard, while shear strength was obtained through an experimental procedure based on Push-Off tests, for which three beam configurations with different dimensions and reinforcements were evaluated in order to identify the fracture mechanisms involved. The results showed that a change in the water/cement ratio had a greater influence on the mechanical properties of the permeable concrete, increasing the compressive and shear strength by approximately 31 and 70 percent, respectively. On the other hand, the addition of polypropylene macrofibers showed a greater impact on shear strength, improving it by up to 55 percent. To carry out the shear analysis, a beam model was selected, reinforced internally with 6 mm rods and externally with glass fiber adhered to the lateral faces by means of a layer of mortar.
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    Análisis comparativo de resistencia a compresión y resistencia a inmersión en agua de adobe tradicional y adobe estabilizado con pegamento animal
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2024-08) Soto Velástegui, Kevin Mauricio; Ureña Aguirre, Maritza Elizabeth
    The construction industry faces the urgent need to reduce its environmental impact while addressing the challenge of providing affordable and durable housing, Simultaneously, it is crucial to preserve ancestral techniques such as adobe construction, which has been used for centuries due to its efficiency and accessibility. However, traditional adobe has significant limitations in terms of strength. Reducing its viability under adverse conditions. Therefore, there is a need to improve these properties without compromising the principles of sustainability and economy that characterize it. This thesis involved several key activities to address this issue. A visual and manual on-site verification of the material was conducted, followed by laboratory tests to determine the physical properties of the soil. Specific dosages were manufactured in both traditional and stabilized forms. The comparative analysis of compressive strength and water immersion Resistance between traditional adobe and stabilized adobe was carried out in accordance with NEC an E.080 specifications. The results obtained were positive for all combinations of adobe samples coated and stabilized with animal glue. There was a significant improvement in compressive strength and water immersion resistance compared to traditional adobe. These findings suggest that using animal glue as a stabilizer can be a viable solution to enhance the properties of adobe, thereby contributing to the sustainability, durability and accessibility of adobe constructions.
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    Resistencia a la compresión del hormigón simple fabricado con agregado grueso reciclado y catalizador agotado de craqueo catalítico fluidizado
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2024-08) Navas Vásconez, Daniela Sthefany; Navarro Peñaherrera, Carlos Patricio
    Today, the construction industry is looking for more efficient, profitable and sustainable practices. This experimental study investigates the fabrication of plain concrete using recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) and spent fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst, a byproduct of petroleum refining, to evaluate its compressive strength and viability as a sustainable alternative. This study combined theoretical and experimental approaches. The theoretical phase included an exhaustive review of the literature to establish testing methodologies. In the experimental phase, 45 concrete specimens with a strength of 240 kilograms/square centimeters were manufactured, using 100 percent recycled coarse aggregate (RCG) and different proportions in replacement of fine aggregate with spent fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst.) at 5, 10, and 15 percent. These specimens were subjected to compression resistance tests at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days in accordance with the NTE INEN-1573 regulations. Finally, the results showed that the replacement of 5, 10, and 15 percent FCC in replacement of fine aggregate, together with 100 percent AGR, did not improve the compressive strength of concrete compared to mixtures without FCC and did not reach the expected design strength for conventional concrete. This suggests that although the use of AGR and FCC can improve certain concrete properties, mixing proportions and methods need to be optimized to meet the required strength standards.
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    Elaboración de concreto translúcido con distintas dosificaciones de cuarzo como reemplazo del agregado grueso para el aumento de su transmitancia luminosa
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2024-08) Jácome Jácome, Pamela Giovanna; Ramírez Cabrera, Wladimir José
    The opacity of concrete limits its potential in applications that require transparency, such as facades and decorative elements. In current building projects, especially in multi-family projects, the need arises for innovative solutions to solve lighting problems, since natural light is limited and is only provided by the free fronts. In Ecuador, the demand for research in this area is urgent due to the energy crisis. The research focused on making an alternative concrete using quartz as a replacement for coarse aggregate in percentages of 10, 20 and 40 percent, to analyze its properties and its influence on compressive strength and light transmittance. Quartz sand was used as a fine material to prevent common sand from dulling the immersed quartz, however, because it did not meet the specified granulometry and fineness modulus, it was mixed with mine sand only at the necessary sieves. The results showed a variation in the absorption capacity of quartz compared to common aggregates, due to its smooth surface, which also hinders adhesion, therefore, the workability of the mixture. Regarding the compression test, it was evident that the resistance decreases as the replacement of quartz as a coarse aggregate increases, although even with this behavior, the concrete continues to meet the design strength. On the other hand, the test carried out on the spectrophotometer indicated that the incorporation of quartz increases the light transmittance.
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    Influencia del fuego en la resistencia a compresión del hormigón elaborado a partir de material reciclado
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2023-09) Quishpe Toapanta, Byron Javier; Peñafiel Valla, Lourdes Gabriela
    Because concrete is a material widely used in construction characterized by its high compressive strength, factors such as fire could cause problems in its internal and external functionality. That said, the objective of this research is to analyze the behavior that concrete with recycled aggregate will have, coming from residual concrete, whose purpose is to obtain experimental results that demonstrate how fire affects its compressive strength. For this experimental investigation, the optimal density method will be used to design the dosage with a resistance of 240 kg/cm2, within which 45 cylindrical test tubes were made, distributed 15 each with replacements of 0, 15 and 30 percent of natural aggregate by recycled aggregate. The specimens, after being cured at 28 days of age, were subjected to direct fire by means of a smelting furnace. With the help of a pyrometer, the temperatures that were exposed were controlled, which range from 0, 250, 400, 600 to 800 degrees Celsius during a determined period of time. For each temperature, 3 cylindrical concrete samples will be tested. Once exposed to the fire, they were cooled for 24 hours, to later be tested for compression. From the results obtained, it is shown that the compressive strength decreases as a function of each increase in temperature, looking unfavorable to those specimens that were replaced with 30 percent RA, in addition to this, various pathologies such as cracks, fissures, color changes and the phenomenon of chipping or spalling occurred.
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    Determinación de la resistencia a compresión del hormigón adicionado ceniza de cáscara de nuez
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2023-09) Muyulema Sailema, Irene Elizabeth; Ureña Aguirre, Maritza Elizabeth
    This research aimed to compare the results obtained from the compression test of simple concrete specimens and concrete added walnut shell ash in partial substitution of cement. He began with the calcination of walnut shells between 500 to 600ºC to obtain the ash. Tests were carried out to determine the physical-mechanical properties of aggregates, cement and walnut shell ash according to NTE INEN standards, observing that they were efficient for mixing concrete. The calculation of the dosage was carried out by the Optimal Density Method for a concrete of 240 kg / cm2, with this we proceeded to elaborate the samples of simple concrete and with addition of ash in percentages of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent, for which it was estimated 3 specimens per percentage and per day of test giving a total of 45. Finally, compression tests of simple concrete specimens and ash addition were carried out at 7, 14 and 28 days of age, which concluded that at 28 days there was an increase in compressive strength with additions of 0.5 and 1 percent with values of 325.66 and 335.45 kg / cm2 respectively, however, it was observed that with the addition of 1.5 and 2 percent it had a considerable decrease with values of 292.95 and 285.06 kg / cm2, demonstrating that this research had an important impact on the search for new ways to produce concrete.
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    Análisis del módulo de elasticidad estático en base a la resistencia a la compresión del hormigón fabricado con agregado grueso de materiales reciclados obtenidos de las escombreras y su comparación con hormigones preparados en condiciones normales
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2023-07) Villacrés Tirado, Vladimir Jonathan; Navarro Peñaherrera, Carlos Patricio
    Due to the need to know the properties of the concrete, specifically the static modulus of elasticity elaborated with recycled concrete coarse aggregate, based on the compressive strength, the obtaining of a formula for its calculation, and its comparison with one made with coarse aggregates under normal conditions, the following analysis is carried out. For this purpose, tests were carried out to obtain the characteristics and mechanical properties of the aggregates from recycled concrete from the "Acosta" mine. Once the necessary data were obtained by means of the optimum density method, the mixture was designed to meet the specified strengths of 21 Mpa and 28 Mpa at the age of 28 days, then concrete specimens were made in cylinders of 10 cm diameter x 20 cm high using Holcim GU type hydraulic cement, without additives. Triaxial simple compression tests were carried out at 28 days after the concrete had set and, in accordance with ASTM C469, the static modulus of elasticity corresponding to each specimen was obtained. They were compared with the modulus of elasticity calculated with the equation established by ACI 318. Finally, practical equations are proposed that allow the calculation of the static modulus of elasticity of concrete, as a function of strength, for concrete made with coarse aggregates from recycled concrete.