Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica

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Análisis de las propiedades físico-mecánicas de adoquines de hormigón f´c= 350 kg/cm2 mediante la incorporación de ceniza de tusa de maíz
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2026-07-03)
Guerrero Guerrero Steven Alexander
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Núñez Aldás Galo Wilfrido
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Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil
The objective of this research was to analyze the physico-mechanical properties of concrete paving blocks with a design compressive strength of 350 kg/cm² through the incorporation of corn cob ash as a mineral addition at percentages of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by weight of cement. This study was proposed as an alternative for the utilization of agro-industrial waste, promoting more sustainable practices within the construction industry. The research was conducted under an experimental approach. Initially, the physicomechanical characterization of the constituent materials was carried out, followed by the mix design process in accordance with applicable standards. Concrete paving blocks containing different percentages of corn cob ash were then manufactured and evaluated through compressive strength tests at curing ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, as well as dry bulk density and water absorption tests. The results showed that the incorporation of corn cob ash influenced the physico-mechanical properties of the paving blocks. The mixture containing 3% ash exhibited the best performance, achieving an average compressive strength of 379.87 kg/cm² at 28 days, representing a 6.21% increase compared to the control mixture. Furthermore, a progressive decrease in dry density and an increase in water absorption were observed as the percentage of incorporated ash increased. Corn cob ash constitutes a viable alternative for the production of concrete paving blocks, with the 3% addition level providing the best overall performance under the evaluated conditions.
Análisis del efecto de la adición de fibras de cabuya en la resistencia a compresión del hormigón f´c= 210 kg/cm2
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2026-07-03)
Mayorga Escola Cesar Andres
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Portilla Yandun Favio Paul
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Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil
This experimental research evaluates the mechanical feasibility of incorporating raw cabuya fibers into a structural concrete matrix with a specified compressive strength of f'c = 210 kg/cm², conducted at the laboratories of the Universidad Técnica de Ambato. The methodology comprised two phases. In the first, aggregates from Mina Cristóbal were physically and mechanically characterized per NTE INEN standards 696, 856, 857, 858, and 860, yielding a fineness modulus of 3.00, nominal maximum size of ½", and abrasion loss of 21.32%. Type IP cement specific gravity was determined at 2.991 g/cm³ (NTE INEN 156). The control mix was proportioned using the ACI 211.1 method, establishing a water-to-cement ratio of 0.56. In the second phase, cylindrical specimens were cast with fiber mass additions of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%, tested under uniaxial compression at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days per NTE INEN 1578. The control concrete achieved 250.17 kg/cm² at 28 days, exceeding the theoretical requirement by 19.1%. Fiber incorporation induced progressive strength reductions: 122.70 kg/cm² at 0.5% and 14.24 kg/cm² at 2.5%, representing decreases of 50.9% and 94.3% respectively. No modified specimen reached the required structural threshold. It is concluded that untreated cabuya fiber severely compromises concrete mechanical performance, precluding its direct structural application. Alkaline surface treatments and dosages below 0.5% are recommended for future research.
Incorporación de ceniza de cáscara de maní como material cementante para el mejoramiento de la resistencia y durabilidad del hormigón
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2026-07-01)
Lema Villafuerte David Alejandro
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Ortiz Montero Santiago Andrés
;
Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil
The present experimental study aimed to analyze how the incorporation of peanut shell ash as a partial cement substitute contributes to the improvement of the compressive strength and durability of conventional concrete. For this study, replacement percentages of 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% were evaluated and compared with a conventional concrete control mix, which was designed to achieve a compressive strength of 210 kg/cm². The ash was obtained from peanut shells collected in the city of Portoviejo, Manabí Province. The peanut shells were subjected to natural drying and controlled calcination between 400°C and 800°C in an artisanal furnace. Using the resulting ash and the corresponding aggregates, a total of 36 concrete cylinders were produced: 9 for conventional concrete and 27 for concrete modified with different ash percentages. These specimens were subjected to compressive strength tests at ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. Additionally, density, absorption, and permeable voids tests were performed on hardened concrete to evaluate the durability of both conventional and ash-modified concrete. The results showed that the mix containing 1.5% ash achieved the highest average compressive strength at 28 days, reaching 220.94 kg/cm², slightly exceeding the control mix, which recorded 219.24 kg/cm². On the other hand, the mix containing 2.5% ash presented the lowest average compressive strength, with 193.75 kg/cm². Regarding durability, the mixture with 1.5% ash obtained the best performance, presenting the lowest absorption percentage (3.31%) and permeable void content (8.20%). It was concluded that the incorporation of peanut shell ash in low and controlled percentages can maintain or slightly increase the mechanical properties of concrete due to the cementitious properties provided by the silica contained in this type of ash.
Análisis De La Resistencia A Compresión Del Hormigón Empleando Ceniza De Caña De Azúcar Como Sustitución Parcial De Agregado Fino Del 2.5%, 3.5% Y 4.5% Para Determinar Su Cantidad Optima
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2026-07-01)
Arias Vaca Esteban Benjamín
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Arellano Yasaca Diana Victoria
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Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil
This research analyzed the compressive strength of 210 kg/cm² concrete through the partial substitution of fine aggregate with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) at proportions of 2.5%, 3.5%, and 4.5%. The quantitative and experimental study evaluated the mechanical behavior of 36 cylindrical specimens tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. The methodology included the chemical and physical characterization of materials, mix design according to ACI 211.1, and a controlled calcination process of the ash (600°C ± 50°C). Results demonstrated that the 2.5% SCBA substitution optimizes mechanical behavior, reaching a compressive strength of 267.31 kg/cm² at 28 days, representing an increase of 1.37% compared to the control mix. Statistical analysis (Welch ANOVA and Tukey's test) confirmed that, while all dosages achieved the design compressive strength (f'c), the 2.5% concentration was statistically equivalent to the control and superior to the remaining mixes. It was concluded that sugarcane bagasse ash acts through a dual mechanism: a filler effect, which densifies the granular skeleton, and pozzolanic reactivity, confirmed by an oxide content of 87.92% (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃). A substitution of 2.5% is recommended as the optimal dosage to improve concrete strength, simultaneously contributing to agroindustrial waste management and mitigating the scarcity of natural aggregates.
Análisis comparativo de la resistencia a compresión y resistencia a flexión del hormigón convencional f’c = 210 kg/cm2 y el hormigón con adición de fibras de totora
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2026-07-01)
Cunalata Gallardo Valeria Abigail
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Ureña Aguirre Maritza Elizabeth
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Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil
The present research aimed to comparatively analyze the compressive strength and flexural strength of conventional concrete f'c = 210 kg/cm² and concrete with the addition of natural bulrush fibers (Schoenoplectus californicus). The study arises from the need to develop sustainable construction materials that can improve certain mechanical properties of concrete by utilizing natural resources available in Ecuador. The methodology employed was quantitative and experimental. Standard concrete mixes and mixes with the addition of bulrush fiber in percentages of 0.50%, 1.00%, and 1.50% relative to the volume of the mix were prepared. Previously, the physical and mechanical characterization of the constituent materials was carried out in accordance with the NTE INEN, ASTM, and ACI standards. Subsequently, cylindrical and prismatic specimens were manufactured, which were subjected to compression and flexural tests at ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results allowed for the identification of the influence of bulrush fiber on the mechanical behavior of concrete. It was observed that the incorporation of fiber at 0.50% generates improvements in flexural strength due to the bridging effect of cracks and redistribution of stresses within the cementitious matrix. However, high increases in fiber content can lead to reductions in compressive strength due to the formation of voids, compaction difficulties, and increased water demand. Finally, it was determined that bulrush fiber constitutes a viable alternative for applications where flexural strength and environmental sustainability are relevant factors.
Análisis comparativo de la resistencia a compresión del hormigón estructural y el hormigón permeable reforzado con fibras de nylon
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2026-06-30)
Vallejo Guerrero Melanie Valeria
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Medina Robalino Wilson Santiago
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Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil
This research aimed to comparatively analyze the compressive strength of conventional concrete and permeable concrete reinforced with nylon fibers, evaluating the influence of fiber incorporation on the mechanical behavior and physical properties of the material. The study arose from the need to develop construction materials that contribute to urban sustainability and efficient stormwater management. In this context, permeable concrete represents an attractive alternative due to its ability to reduce surface runoff and promote water infiltration; however, its main limitation lies in its relatively low mechanical strength. For the development of this research, the constituent materials were characterized through physical tests conducted in accordance with ASTM and NTE INEN standards. Subsequently, conventional concrete mixtures were designed using the ACI 211 method, while permeable concrete mixtures were designed following the ACI 522-23 method, incorporating nylon fibers at proportions of 0.00%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.20%. Cylindrical specimens were produced and tested for compressive strength at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Additionally, complementary properties such as density, porosity, and permeability were evaluated. The results showed that increasing the fiber content led to a progressive reduction in density and compressive strength, accompanied by an increase in porosity and permeability. The mixture containing 0.05% nylon fibers exhibited the best mechanical performance, representing the most balanced alternative between strength and hydraulic functionality.
Análisis comparativo de la resistencia a compresión del hormigón con adición de cal hidratada y hormigón tradicional
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2026-01-28)
Mora Palomo Alejandra Del Rocío
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Goyes Balladares Andrea Cristina
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Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil
This experimental study focused on a comparative analysis of the compressive strength of concrete with the addition of Type N hydrated lime and traditional concrete, with the aim of conducting a comprehensive analysis of the mechanical properties, seeking to establish whether the addition of this material is a viable alternative for optimizing structural performance and whether it contributes to sustainability within the construction industry. More specifically, this research focused on determining the physical and mechanical properties of the constituent materials, obtaining the cylindrical compressive strength, and calculating the approximate elastic modulus for different ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. To carry out this research, a quantitative and experimental methodological approach was used, following current technical standards such as ACI, ASTM, and NTE INEN, which were developed in three sequential phases. The first phase was dedicated to the characterization of stone aggregates, Portland cement, and Type N hydrated lime. The second phase focused on the design of the dosage using the ACI 211.1 method to prepare mixtures with additions of hydrated lime of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and the control mixture. Cylindrical test tubes were prepared and compression tests were performed to then calculate the elastic modulus. Finally, the third phase established a comparative analysis of the resulting values when evaluated for their performance in each modified mixture. The experimental results demonstrate that the controlled addition of hydrated lime optimizes mechanical properties, validating the research hypothesis. Furthermore, the addition of 5% hydrated lime generated a 17% increase in compressive strength above the design strength, which was the optimal dosage in the research as it generated more stable mechanical behavior by increasing the elastic modulus by 10% of the original and a slight reduction of approximately 1% in its density.In conclusion, this 5% addition has a positive effect due to its pozzolanic reaction with silicates, which reduce porosity and improve microstructure. On the other hand, additions above this percentage showed a decrease in compressive strength due to excess material and the need to increase the amount of water in the mixture.
Análisis comparativo del uso de ceniza de la fibra de cabuya en la elaboración de mezclas de hormigón con dosificación de 210 kg/cm2, al 2%, 3%,5%
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2026-01-27)
Chuquitarco Chiluisa Erika Paulina
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Bayas Altamirano Myriam Marisol
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Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil
The present research develops a comparative analysis of the use of cabuya fiber ash as a partial substitute for cement in concrete mixtures with a design strength of 210 kg/cm2, using percentages of 2%, 3% and 5%. The main objective was to determine whether the ash, obtained through a controlled calcination process, contributes to improving the compressive strength and potential durability of the concrete, compared to a standard mixture without substitution. The study begins with the physical, chemical and mechanical characterization of the materials. The XRF analysis showed an ash with a high calcium (CaO) content, low percentage of reactive silica and the presence of mineral elements that limit its pozzolanic performance, although they favor a certain reactivity at low doses. In addition, the evolution of the resistance of the Selva Alegre Type IP Plus cement was verified, ensuring that its behavior corresponds to the expected ranges for a composite cement, without affecting the reliability of the research. Concrete specimens were made with the established percentages and compressive strength tests were carried out at 7, 14 and 28 days. The results showed that the mixture with 3% CFCs reached a strength of 312.70 kg/cm2, exceeding the standard mixture of 288.83 kg/cm2 by approximately 8%, making it the optimal dosage. On the contrary, mixtures with 2% and 5% showed decreases in resistance (274.8 kg/cm2 and 263.57 kg/cm2 respectively) evidencing that these percentages do not provide mechanical improvement. In conclusion, the hypothesis is partially verified, since only the mixture with 3% of ash of the cabuya fiber improves the strength of the concrete. It is recommended to deepen studies of durability, modulus of elasticity and optimization of the process of obtaining ash for future applications.
Evaluación de la resistencia a compresión de mortero modificado con la adición de bagazo de caña de azúcar como sustituto parcial del cemento
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2026-01-26)
Guanina Nieto Leslie Amanda
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Ureña Aguirre Maritza Elizabeth
;
Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil
This work focuses on evaluating the impact of sugarcane bagasse ash on the mechanical properties of cement mortars, emerging as a sustainable proposal for the construction field. This study addresses the need to utilize an abundant resource, often considered waste, transforming it into a pozzolanic additive capable of improving the microstructure and durability of mortars. Given that its use helps reduce dependence on Portland cement, CO2 emissions are considered in both environmental and technical criteria. Cubic specimens measuring 50 x 50 x 50 mm were prepared with different percentages of ash replacement: 5%, 10%, and 15%. Control specimens were also prepared to ensure homogeneity in the mixtures. These were controlled under curing conditions and evaluated through compressive strength tests at different ages: 7, 14, and 28 days, analyzing the effectiveness of the ash in the mortar. The methodology focused on the production of Type N mortar (ASTM C270), generally used as a bonding mortar in non-structural masonry. A compressive strength of 7.03 MPa was achieved in the mortar with the addition of 5% ash, which reached the highest strength of all the addition percentages, exceeding the minimum strength stipulated in the ASTM standard by 26%. In general, the research affirms that sugarcane bagasse ash represents a sustainable option since it improves the compressive strength of mortar when ash is replaced by cement at a 5% level. These results demonstrate its potential to improve construction by reducing agricultural waste and cement consumption. The data obtained will contribute to future research by optimizing durability and fineness, and by conducting economic and environmental studies to ensure industrial implementation. This research also facilitates the technological transfer of a relevant local resource for the construction sector.
Comparación de la resistencia a compresión de hormigones con una dosificación de 210 kg/cm², fabricados mediante un método convencional y con la incorporación del 5%, 10% y 15 % de la ceniza de la pepa de aguacate
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2026-01-26)
Peñafiel Guerrero Dennis Alexander
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Bayas Altamirano Myriam Marisol
;
Universidad Técnica de Ambato-Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica-Carrera de Ingeniería Civil
Agro-industrial waste has become a major nuisance for the population and, more importantly, has a significant impact on the environment, as these residues are often not disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner. For this reason, the present experimental study focused on producing a sustainable concrete through the partial incorporation of avocado pit ash, aiming to achieve a mix with a compressive strength of 210 kg/cm². To accomplish this, the largest possible quantity of avocado pits was collected and subjected to several processes to obtain the ash, including crushing, drying, dehydration, grinding, and calcination. Once the ash was obtained, the materials used for the concrete mixtures were collected and tested in the laboratory through moisture content, specific gravity, water absorption capacity, and particle size distribution analyses. After obtaining the necessary parameters, the mix design was developed using the ACI 318-11 method, which guided the preparation of the test specimens and the calculation of the partial replacement percentages of fine aggregate with avocado pit ash. After an exhaustive preparation of each cylinder used as samples for evaluating the compressive strength of the concrete, the results showed that the incorporation of avocado pit ash (APA) did not provide any improvement in the mechanical properties of the material. At 7 days, the 5% replacement reduced compressive strength by 93.64%, while the 10% and 15% mixtures showed reductions of 96.46% and 98.20%, respectively, due to the high K₂O content, which hindered initial hydration and the formation of C-S-H gel. At 14 days, the specimens exhibited unusual behavior, as no strength gain was observed; instead, strength values decreased by 95.07%, 97.20%, and 98.58% compared with the control mix. Finally, at 28 days, the control mixture reached a compressive strength of 242.68 kg/cm², exceeding the target value. In contrast, the specimens with partial APA replacement showed extremely low strengths: 8.87 kg/cm² (5%), 5.05 kg/cm² (10%), and 2.57 kg/cm² (15%), reflecting reductions greater than 95% compared with the conventionally produced specimen. These results demonstrate that, unlike other agro-industrial wastes, avocado pit ash used as a partial replacement of fine aggregate cannot be considered a viable material for improving the mechanical behavior of concrete.

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