Ciencias de la Salud
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Item 100 AÑOS DESPUÉS DE LA BCG, VACUNAS VIVAS ATENUADAS FRENTE A LA TUBERCULOSIS(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Medicina, 2024-09-24) Freire-Bravo, Milena Thais; Echeverría Valencia, Gabriela FernandaBackground: For more than a century, the BCG vaccine, derived from an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis known as bacillus Calmette-Guérin, has been used to prevent tuberculosis (TB). Despite its widespread use, the effectiveness of the BCG vaccine is variable, and its protection is transitory. Objective: To compile information on the feasibility and effectiveness of new live attenuated vaccines as alternatives to the BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. Methods: A bibliographic review of descriptive scope was carried out, using articles specialized in medical, nursing and epidemiology topics from the last two years (2022-2023), the search was carried out autonomously in various databases. Results: In clinical trials and preclinical studies, various live attenuated, inactivated and subunit/adjuvant vaccines have shown potential to improve immunogenicity and protection against tuberculosis. Vaccines such as MTBVAC and RUTI are in different phases of clinical development, while others, such as M72/AS01E and H56, are in advanced phases of testing. Conclusions: The invasion of M. tuberculosis can culminate in bacillary dissemination to other vital organs; it is crucial to develop more effective vaccines for adults and optimize vaccine combinations, addressing the genetic variability of the strains and immunological differences between populations. Currently, research into vaccines against tuberculosis reflects notable progress and an increasingly deep understanding of immunological interactions.Item GENEXPERT, BACILOSCOPÍA Y CULTIVOS EN EL DIAGNÓSTICO DE TUBERCULOSIS PULMONAR EN PACIENTES QUE ACUDEN AL HOSPITAL JOSÉ MARÍA VELASCO IBARRA DE TENA(Universidad Técnica de Ambato / Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud / Centro de posgrados, 2024-09-03) Coba Cueva, Rosa Guadalupe; Vilcacundo Córdova, Mario FernandoThe World Health Organization recommends the use of rapid molecular kind tests such as Gene Xpert MTB RIF/ULTRA for the diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis, the same ones that have a high precision, in addition you can perform bacilloscopies and culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that also contribute to the determination of this pathology. In this study, Pulmonary Tuberculosis was identified using Gene Xpert with a quantitative approach, with a descriptive kind of cross-sectional and nonexperimental design employing a non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive design. The bacteria were also detected through Ziehl-Neelsen staining, and records of culture results for the pathogen under study were reviewed, subsequently the analysis was carried out, the description of variables and their interrelation. A total of 33 sputum samples were evaluated, 67% of positive samples were determined according to Gene Xpert, and 33% of negative samples, of which resistance to rifampicin was detected in only 0.33%, which suggests a low probability of finding this type of condition in this population. Furthermore, comparing the other microbiological diagnostic techniques against the use of Molecular Biology, a sensitivity of 100% was obtained concerning Baciloscopy and concerning culture 75%, with a specificity of 84.6% for smear microscopy and 80% for culture. A rapid diagnostic algorithm for pulmonary tuberculosis was also designed. One of the main conclusions of this work is that Pulmonary Tuberculosis was identified in a shorter time, approximately 2 hours, through the use of Gene Xpert MTB RIF/ULTRA, resistance to rifampicin was also detected with this test, concerning culture, although it is true that it constitutes the gold standard, it has the limitation of time since several weeks passed from receipt of the sample to the issuance of results. An algorithm was also designed for the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis using this rapid automated test, which indicates this test as the beginning of the evaluation of this type of patient.Item “Tuberculosis extrapulmonar de localizacion en aparato genital femenino”(Universidad Técnica de Ambato - Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud - Carrera de Medicina, 2018-06-01) Sisa Sizalema, Verónica Elizabeth; Gavilanes Sáenz, Víctor Patricio Dr. Esp.Tuberculosis is considered a major health problem worldwide, since it affects about 9.4 million people each year and has around two million deaths. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a pathology caused by the agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT), which can affect any organ of the human body, mostly appears as a spread of a pulmonary focus and which is facilitated in patients with conditions of immunosuppression. The present case is about a 60-year-old patient with no relevant medical history, who is referred from the health center due to abundant postmenopausal vaginal bleeding, accompanied by abdominal pain of several months, which is why xiv external examinations are performed of laboratory of images and the stain of Ziehl-Neelsen in secretion of cervix that reports positive for tuberculosis, for that reason it is contrarefiere to the health center where it is realizing the scheme of treatment.