Tesis Ingeniería Agropecuaria

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Identificación de nematodos fitoparásitos asociados al cultivo de rosa (rosa sp), en el sector Lasso provincia de Cotopaxi
(2018) Rocha Rocha, Luis Bolívar; Pérez, Marco
El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó con el objetivo de identificar las diferentes especies de nematodos fitoparásitos que se encuentran asociados al cultivo de rosa (Rosa sp), en el sector Lasso, provincia de Cotopaxi, barrio Saquimalag mediante los respectivos muestreos de suelo en cuatro variedades de cultivares de rosa. Para la investigación se procedió a la colección de muestras y llevadas a laboratorio para ser analizadas mediante la extracción. El método conocido del embudo de Baerman y el método de Centrifugación, se analizó daños radiculares como fisiopatias mediante la extracción de la planta en su totalidad, se colectó la muestra de raíz completa pura. La morfometría de los especímenes se preparó laminas microscópicas semipermanentes y fueron observadas al microscopio de contraste de fase (leica DM1000) y por último la identificación de las especies,se tomó en cuenta el estado adulto del nematodo para analizar longitud de cuerpo, estilete, cabeza y cola, la identificación de género de acuerdo al tipo de esófago , tamaño de cola del nematodo y tipo de estilete. En la investigación no se aplicó ningún diseño experimental ya que el cultivo está establecido se realizó el estudio en laboratorio, teniendo en cuenta los factores en estudio de cuatro variedades de cultivares de rosa y como tratamientos dos fincas florícolas, para el análisis de datos se utilizó programas estadísticos y relacionados a los cálculos matemáticos y porcentuales.
Cambios en los sistemas agropecuarios campesinos: la ganaderización en zonas agricolas de Tungurahua
(2017) Parco Asitimbay, Aida Ximena; Pomboza Tamaquiza, Pedro Pablo
Palabras claves: ganadería, pastos, campesino, cambio climático, suelos. xiv SUMMARY The objective of this work was to identify the main changes in the agricultural systems: the effect of the cattle raising in the agricultural areas of Tungurahua. Two peasant communities were selected considering the proximity to the moorland and evidences of changes from agriculture to livestock. it was applied a sampling non-probabilistic, 47 polls were carried out in San Luis de Chibuleo and 30 in Atillo. In addition, 12 soil samples were analyzed: six in the community of San Luis, three of soils with grown potato (L1C1) and three of soils with pastures (L1C2); and six in the community of Atillo with the same characteristics (L2C1) and (L2C2). By means of the obtained results it is determined that the population that dedicates to these activities has an average age between 42 to 52 years. In addition, the results indicate that peasants surveyed have bovine an average of 5 heads. The main factors identified associated with the changes have been: climate change; costs of production and milk market. The cattle raising also had favorable effects such as increased fertility in pasture soils (12.67% MO and 75.67 ppm Nitrogen). Also observed that the amount of K and Mn had high values, although not significant in soils with pastures, Likewise the production of milk is helping at feeding of the peasants, because It is providing at their families around (2 L/ day) and generate a permanent income for the family (between 270 and 442 USD / month). On the other hand, the unfavorable effects like as pressure on the moorland due to animal grazing, reduction of the area of agricultural crops (potatoes) and greater food dependence of the market. The results suggest the need to incorporate agroecological practices and balance the components: livestock, agriculture and forestry of the UPAs.
Etapas fenológicas del maíz (Zea mays L.) VAR. Tusilla bajo las condiciones climáticas del cantón Cumandá, provincia de Chimborazo
(2017) Guzmán Buñay, Dennys Alexander; Gutiérrez A., Alberto
The research work was carried out with the aim of contributing and generating data on the maize (Zea mays L) cultivation cycle, var. Tusillla to program the commercialization and the volumes of water to be applied in each phenological stage, to be divulged to the producers and for educational purposes the experimentation was carried out in the Canton Cumandá, province of Chimborazo, in the sector known as "La Victoria" in The Rosero estate located on the Bucay-Riobamba road with geographical coordinates: Latitude: S 2 ° 20 'and Longitude: W 79 ° 15' at an altitude of 312 meters above sea level. Statistical analysis was applied with means of central tendency (Means, Standard deviation), the results were as follows, for the plant height variable in the final stage of the culture the average was 285.2 cm, for the root depth variable in the Same stage presented an average of 38.9 cm, relating height and radical depth we have 1/5 of the aerial part with the radical depth. In the variable days at harvest, the time from planting to dry harvest was 141 days. This is due to the climatic conditions presented in the experiment especially in relation to the high relative humidity. In the variable coefficient of the maize crop, the values given by FAO56 were taken where the coefficient of cultivation (Kc) for the initial stage is 0.7 with a duration of 21 days, at the development stage the crop coefficient increases, up to To reach its maximum crop coefficient (Kc), which is 1.20, this occurs after 44 days, in the intermediate stage the consumptive use of the plant reaches its highest point the value of Kc 1.20 remains constant for 42 days, in the Final stage the Kc descends until reaching 0.60 with a duration of 34 days. The phenological stages of maize cultivation in the climatic conditions of Cumandá, had these durations for the initial stage 21 days, for the stage of development 44 days, for the intermediate stage or mid season the duration was 42 days and For the final stage or maturing 34 days, which allows us to know when the crop needs more or less water and fertilizers in addition can be scheduled the moment the product is ready to be marketed
Fermentación ruminal in vitro y cinética de degradación ruminal in situ de dietas a base de fruta de pan (Artocarpus altilis)
(2017) Silva Ruilova, Jonathan Oliveiros; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of diets based on breadfruit (Artacarpus altilis) on ruminal fermentation in vitro and kinetics of in situ ruminal degradation in cattle. On the apparent dry matter digestibility (DIVMS, DIVMO), dry matter degradation kinetics (DMS, DMO, DFDN, DFDA) and in vitro gas production (PGIV), 6 cannulated bulls of approximately 2 years Of age and 350 kg of live weight distributed in a completely randomized design, subjected to 3 treatments and 6 repetitions. For the treatments T1: 100% alfalfa, T2: 80% alfalfa + 20% breadfruit and T3: 60% alfalfa + 40% breadfruit. The IVDMD and DIVMO was higher P = (0.0006) for T3 (504.5; 517.4 g / kg respectively). The DMS and DMO fraction the soluble fraction (A), the insoluble fraction (B) and (c) degradation rate in percent per hour, did not show differences between treatments, whereas for DMS, K (0.05 h -1 and 0.08 H-1) effective degradation presents differences P = (0.0001, 0.0005 respectively) between treatments, with the highest percentages being T3 (59.6, 56.4) and T2 (57.8, 55.3) respectively. As for the effective degradation DMO, K (0.02 h-1 and 0.05 h-1) presented difference P = (0.0001) between treatments, obtaining the highest T3 results (62.4 and 57.5 respectively), K value (0.08 h- 1) was higher in T3 and t2 (54.1 and 52.4) presenting difference P = (0.0001) with respect to T1. For the DFDN, (A) does not present difference P = (0.3085) between treatments. While for (B) and (c) they show differences P = (0.0215 and 0.0320) respectively, being those with higher value T3 (37.0 and 0.092 respectively). With respect to K (0.02 h-1, 0.05 h-1 and 0.08 h-1), there were P = (0.0001) differences between treatments obtaining the highest T3 results (44.2, 37.8 and 33.7), respectively. Regarding DFDA, the parameters under study: (A), (c) did not present any difference, while for (B) the highest value was obtained T3 (32.8), presenting difference for P = (0.0104) with respect to T1. The DFDA K (0.02 h-1) presented its highest values in T2 and T3 (29.2 and 28.5), with a difference in P = (0.0005) in relation to T1, while in K (0.05 h -1 and 0.08 h -1) Did not show difference P = (0.1602 and 0.2303 respectively) between treatments. It was concluded that (Artocarpus altilis) could be used in diets for cattle up to 40%.
Comportamiento productivo de ovinos alimentados con dietas a base de fruta de pan (Artocarpus altilis)
(2017) Silva Bastidas, Arsenio Oliveros; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of diets based on breadfruit (Artacarpus altilis) on the productive behavior of sheep. Eighteen male sheep with a mean age of 7 to 8 months and a weight of 22.23 kg were used. A completely randomized design (DCA) was used, with three treatments and six replicates, in addition to an analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5%, with the statistical package SAS 2009. The treatments were T1: 100% alfalfa. (Witness); T2: 80% alfalfa + 20% breadfruit; T3: 60% alfalfa + 40% breadfruit. The variables evaluated were: voluntary nutrient intake (CVMS, CVMO, FVCF and FVCFN), weight gain (GP g / day) and feed conversion (CA), voluntary consumption of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber Presented difference P = (0.0001) between treatments being the one of greater consumption T3 (1652.71; 1560.16; 872.63g) respectively. Regarding the consumption of acid detergent fiber, difference P = (0.0001) between treatments was observed, with the highest T1 value (585.77g). Regarding the weight gain presented difference P = (0.0001) between treatments obtaining the highest weight gain T3 (218.88 g / day). The feed conversion presented difference P = (0.0001) obtaining the smallest result T3 (7.55). Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that sheep fed diets containing 40% of breadfruit inclusions constitute an alternative food resource, being able to improve the productive parameters obtaining a good productive response, possibly due to the content of non-structural carbohydrates present In T3
Efecto del consumo de dietas a base de fruta de pan (Artocarpus altilis) sobre la digestibilidad de los nutrientes en ovinos
(2017) Ruilova Ruilova, Ruth Araceli; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos
The objective of the present research was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of diets based on breadfruit (Artacarpus altilis) on the digestibility of nutrients in sheep. For which 12 male sheep with an average age of 7 to 8 months and an average weight of 23.50 kg were used, a completely randomized design (DCA) was used, with three treatments and four replicates, in addition to an analysis of variance and Test of Tukey to 5%, with the statistical package SAS 2000. The treatments were T1: 100% of alfalfa. (Witness); T2: 80% alfalfa + 20% breadfruit; T3: 60% alfalfa + 40% breadfruit. The variables evaluated were: Voluntary intake of nutrients (CVMS, CVMO, CVFDN and CVFNA), Apparent nutrient digestibility (DMS, DMO, DFDN, DFDA) Being the highest value T3 and T2 (1651.29 and 1594.21 respectively). The voluntary consumption of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber presented differences (P = 0.0002 and 0.0001) between treatments, with the highest consumption T3 (1558.82; 871.88) and T2 (1496.96; 835.37) respectively. While for the voluntary consumption of acid detergent fiber shows differences (P = 0.0001) being its greater consumption T1 and T2 (583.01 and 582.26) respectively. Regarding the apparent digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber, differences (P = 0.0001) were observed between treatments, with the highest T3 digestibility (48.23 and 43.34), respectively. The digestibility of acid detergent fiber did not show a difference between treatments (P = 0.2208), based on the above results, and the differences between the treatments (P = 0.0001) and the highest digestibility T3 and T2 (55.58 and 53.91 respectively) It can be concluded that the incorporation of breadfruit in sheep diets can improve the digestibility of nutrients, possibly due to the non-structural carbohydrate content present in T3, which can improve the ruminal environment.
Desarrollo fenológico del cultivo del fréjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Var. Cargabello en el cantón Bucay provincia del Guayas
(2017) Villalba Yánez, Juan David; Gutiérrez A., Alberto
The research work was carried out with the aim of contributing and generating data on the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop cycle to plan the commercialization and volumes of water to be applied at each phenological stage, to be disseminated to farmers and For educational purposes. According to the GPS Global Positioning System, it is at a height of 352 meters above sea level, and in geographical coordinates of 2º 12 '15 "south latitude and 79 ° 07'33" west longitude. Statistical analysis was applied with means of central tendency (Means, Standard deviation), where the following results were obtained, for the plant height variable in the final stage of the culture the average was 48.9 cm, for the root depth variable in The same stage presented an average of 32 cm, relating height and radical depth is 2/3 of the aerial part with the depth of the root. In the variable days at harvest, the time elapsed from sowing to dry harvesting was 102 this is due to climatic conditions that arose in the experiment especially in relation to high relative humidity. In the variable coefficient of the bean crop, the values given by FAO56 were taken, where the coefficient of cultivation (Kc) for the initial stage is 0.4 with a duration of 23 days. At the development stage the crop coefficient increases gradually, After 30 days reaches its maximum coefficient of crop (Kc) of 1.15 that presented in the intermediate stage since at this stage the consumptive use of the plant reaches its highest point the value of Kc remains constant for 28 days, In the final stage the Kc descends until reaching 0.35 with a duration of 21 days. Phenological stages of bean cultivation in the climatic conditions of Bucay, Guayas province had these durations for the initial stage 23 days, for the stage of development 30 days, for the intermediate stage or mid season the duration was 28 days and For the final stage or maturation 21 days, which allows us to know when the crop needs more or less water and fertilizers in addition can be scheduled the moment the product is ready to be marketed KEYWORDS: Phenological stages, bean, cultivation coefficient, root depth, plant height, Bucay.
Etapas fenológicas del cultivo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum. L) VAR. Verde, bajo las condiciones climáticas del cantón general Antonio Elizalde (Bucay) provincia del Guayas
(2017) Buñay Vallejo, Cristhian Jhon; Gutiérrez A., Alberto
The research work was carried out with the aim of determining the cycle of cultivation of pepper var. Verde, in the climatic conditions of General Antonio Elizalde (Bucay), province of Guayas, the research work was carried out on the estate of Mr. Olmedo Buñay in the general Antonio Elizalde (Bucay), Guayas province, located in the Sector of the Bucay road - Enclosure. Lemon River. The geographical coordinates are: 2 ° 20 'South latitude and 79 ° 15' West longitude with an altitude of 320 meters above sea level. Statistical analyzes were applied with means of central tendency (Medias, Standard deviation), where the following results were obtained for the variable plant height in the intermediate stage of the crop presented an average of 30.9 cm, for the variable depth in the Intermediate stage presented an average of 27.2 cm, data that when relating them one obtains 1 to 1 of the aerial part with the depth of the root. For the variable coefficient of the pepper crop, the values given by FAO56 were taken where the coefficient of cultivation (Kc) for the initial stage is 0.6 with a duration of 25 days, at the development stage the crop coefficient increases, then Of 45 days reaches its maximum crop coefficient (Kc) of 1.15 that presented in the intermediate stage, in this stage the consumptive use of the plant reaches its highest point the value of the crop coefficient (Kc) remains constant for 38 Days here the crop reaches its commercial maturity. In the variable days at harvest the days from sowing to harvest were 108 this is due to the climatic conditions under which the work was carried out during the period of the research work. The phenological stages of the pepper crop in the climatic conditions of the general canton Antonio Elizalde, province of Guayas had for the initial stage a duration of 25 days, for the development stage a duration of 45 days and for the intermediate or mid season season The duration was 38 days which allows us to know the time when the crop needs more or less water and fertilizers additionally that with this we know the time when the product is ready and in this way allows us to satisfy the demand of the local market . KEYWORDS: Phenological stages, pepper, crop coefficient, root depth, plant height.
Alteraciones que no permiten cumplir con los estándares de calidad del banano para exportación en la hacienda María Antonieta
(2017) Benítez Ibarra, Pablo Andrés; Yánez, Wilfrido
The study was carried out at Hacienda María Antonieta, which has an area of 65 ha. It is located in El Piedrero Sector, Canton El Triunfo, Province of Guayas, with a geographical location 2º 10`44,16 "South Latitude and 79º 34`57.46" West Longitude. In this research there are no treatments, we will simply carry out the direct observation in the field of the alterations that present the different bunches harvested by batches existing in the hacienda, thus we have the lots: Orange, Gray, Yellow, Coffee, Green, Template, Template "A". Post-harvest management of bananas is important because losses can reach 100% of the crop due to problems of mechanical damage, rotting and premature ripening. The response variables taken into account for this investigation were: on grade, low grade, Viruses; Fall of field, altered, explosive, cream, erwinia and cochineal. In conclusion, the most common diseases detected in the bananas harvested within the María Antonieta estate are the virus with 5% of the total number of clusters affected; Followed by conditions caused by Erwinia bacteria with 4% and Cochinilla with 2%. As it is evident these percentages are too low to represent a problem of economic impact within the banana production. The most prevalent factor in the affection of banana clusters at the time of harvest is the over grade with 35% of the total number of clusters affected, followed by the low grade with 18%. These two alterations account for 53% of the total number of altered clusters. In the María Antonieta estate, the percentage of post-harvest banana losses is 2.49% due to several factors. This percentage shows that the losses are within the range allowed by the exporting company DOLE, and it does not represent significant losses for this estate.
Aplicación de mucilago de semillas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el control de malezas
(2017) Hipo Hipo, María Rosa; Curay Quispe, Segundo Euclides
The objective of the present research was to evaluate the physical-chemical composition and phytotoxicity of the mucilage or cocoa beetle + biol of leaves as natural herbicides, on the different post-emergence species in 30-day weeds, the physico-chemical composition of the Cacao mucilage has positive results consisting of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins and sterols which has been reported as natural bioherbicides (Manjarrez et al., 2010). The test was established under a completely randomized block design, consisting of three replicates each with 9 plots in a total of 27 plots of (1.50mx 1.50m), the net plot of (0.5mx 0.5m) being within the The variables were evaluated; The percentage of cover, weed height in cm, control by species where 28 species belonging to 15 families were determined,% of mortality control and finally the weight of amount of green biomass in grams unlike the control, Factors studied were : TO). Concentration of herbicides (H1 = mucilage of pure cocoa and H2 = mixture of mucilage of cocoa + biol of leaves in proportion of 50% each); B). Application rate (100% and 50%); And C). Number of herbicide applications (A1 0 days and A2 0 and 8 days). Of the different concentrations, the most affected were weeds (<30 days), the analysis of variance established statistical differences where, the results obtained indicate the mortality of weeds at 8 days, presented a greater value of 88.67 plants in the treatment of 100% pure cocoa baba with two applications (H1D1A2), and the similar value was 50% cocoa bean treatment with two applications (H1D2A2) with 76.58 plants, comparing with the control (without cocoa bean) Which had a mortality of 34.91 plants. Meanwhile weed mortality at 15 days, the highest value reported are treatments of 100% pure cocoa bean with two applications (H1D1A2) and 50% cocoa bean with two applications (H1D2A2), with 95.58 and 94.67 dead plants respectively, sharing the range also is the treatment conformed by 100% cocoa bean with a single application (H1D1A1) with 81.42 plants of mortality; The control (without cocoa bean) recorded 40.81 dead plants which is only about 50% of the treatments mentioned above.

Tesis Ingeniería Agropecuaria

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