Tesis Ingeniería Agropecuaria

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Alteraciones que no permiten cumplir con los estándares de calidad del banano para exportación en la hacienda María Antonieta
(2017) Benítez Ibarra, Pablo Andrés; Yánez, Wilfrido
The study was carried out at Hacienda María Antonieta, which has an area of 65 ha. It is located in El Piedrero Sector, Canton El Triunfo, Province of Guayas, with a geographical location 2º 10`44,16 "South Latitude and 79º 34`57.46" West Longitude. In this research there are no treatments, we will simply carry out the direct observation in the field of the alterations that present the different bunches harvested by batches existing in the hacienda, thus we have the lots: Orange, Gray, Yellow, Coffee, Green, Template, Template "A". Post-harvest management of bananas is important because losses can reach 100% of the crop due to problems of mechanical damage, rotting and premature ripening. The response variables taken into account for this investigation were: on grade, low grade, Viruses; Fall of field, altered, explosive, cream, erwinia and cochineal. In conclusion, the most common diseases detected in the bananas harvested within the María Antonieta estate are the virus with 5% of the total number of clusters affected; Followed by conditions caused by Erwinia bacteria with 4% and Cochinilla with 2%. As it is evident these percentages are too low to represent a problem of economic impact within the banana production. The most prevalent factor in the affection of banana clusters at the time of harvest is the over grade with 35% of the total number of clusters affected, followed by the low grade with 18%. These two alterations account for 53% of the total number of altered clusters. In the María Antonieta estate, the percentage of post-harvest banana losses is 2.49% due to several factors. This percentage shows that the losses are within the range allowed by the exporting company DOLE, and it does not represent significant losses for this estate.
Aplicación de mucilago de semillas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el control de malezas
(2017) Hipo Hipo, María Rosa; Curay Quispe, Segundo Euclides
The objective of the present research was to evaluate the physical-chemical composition and phytotoxicity of the mucilage or cocoa beetle + biol of leaves as natural herbicides, on the different post-emergence species in 30-day weeds, the physico-chemical composition of the Cacao mucilage has positive results consisting of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins and sterols which has been reported as natural bioherbicides (Manjarrez et al., 2010). The test was established under a completely randomized block design, consisting of three replicates each with 9 plots in a total of 27 plots of (1.50mx 1.50m), the net plot of (0.5mx 0.5m) being within the The variables were evaluated; The percentage of cover, weed height in cm, control by species where 28 species belonging to 15 families were determined,% of mortality control and finally the weight of amount of green biomass in grams unlike the control, Factors studied were : TO). Concentration of herbicides (H1 = mucilage of pure cocoa and H2 = mixture of mucilage of cocoa + biol of leaves in proportion of 50% each); B). Application rate (100% and 50%); And C). Number of herbicide applications (A1 0 days and A2 0 and 8 days). Of the different concentrations, the most affected were weeds (<30 days), the analysis of variance established statistical differences where, the results obtained indicate the mortality of weeds at 8 days, presented a greater value of 88.67 plants in the treatment of 100% pure cocoa baba with two applications (H1D1A2), and the similar value was 50% cocoa bean treatment with two applications (H1D2A2) with 76.58 plants, comparing with the control (without cocoa bean) Which had a mortality of 34.91 plants. Meanwhile weed mortality at 15 days, the highest value reported are treatments of 100% pure cocoa bean with two applications (H1D1A2) and 50% cocoa bean with two applications (H1D2A2), with 95.58 and 94.67 dead plants respectively, sharing the range also is the treatment conformed by 100% cocoa bean with a single application (H1D1A1) with 81.42 plants of mortality; The control (without cocoa bean) recorded 40.81 dead plants which is only about 50% of the treatments mentioned above.
Cambios en los sistemas agropecuarios campesinos: la ganaderización en zonas agricolas de Tungurahua
(2017) Parco Asitimbay, Aida Ximena; Pomboza Tamaquiza, Pedro Pablo
Palabras claves: ganadería, pastos, campesino, cambio climático, suelos. xiv SUMMARY The objective of this work was to identify the main changes in the agricultural systems: the effect of the cattle raising in the agricultural areas of Tungurahua. Two peasant communities were selected considering the proximity to the moorland and evidences of changes from agriculture to livestock. it was applied a sampling non-probabilistic, 47 polls were carried out in San Luis de Chibuleo and 30 in Atillo. In addition, 12 soil samples were analyzed: six in the community of San Luis, three of soils with grown potato (L1C1) and three of soils with pastures (L1C2); and six in the community of Atillo with the same characteristics (L2C1) and (L2C2). By means of the obtained results it is determined that the population that dedicates to these activities has an average age between 42 to 52 years. In addition, the results indicate that peasants surveyed have bovine an average of 5 heads. The main factors identified associated with the changes have been: climate change; costs of production and milk market. The cattle raising also had favorable effects such as increased fertility in pasture soils (12.67% MO and 75.67 ppm Nitrogen). Also observed that the amount of K and Mn had high values, although not significant in soils with pastures, Likewise the production of milk is helping at feeding of the peasants, because It is providing at their families around (2 L/ day) and generate a permanent income for the family (between 270 and 442 USD / month). On the other hand, the unfavorable effects like as pressure on the moorland due to animal grazing, reduction of the area of agricultural crops (potatoes) and greater food dependence of the market. The results suggest the need to incorporate agroecological practices and balance the components: livestock, agriculture and forestry of the UPAs.
Caracterización de los saberes ancestrales agrícolas en el cultivo de cacao (theobroma cacao l.)” en el cantón Cumandá
(2016) Arévalo González, Agustín Andrés; González, Marilu
This research is conducted in the enclosures Buenos Aires, The New Union, Los Laureles, 87, Guayacanes, Agricultural production, La Modelo, Cascajal, Rio Blanco, Reserves, San Miguel de Bucay Chico and San Vicente belonging to the canton Cumandá of Chimborazo province. The Cumandá Canton is located south west of the province of Chimborazo in the western foothills of the Andes in the Republic of Ecuador. The city center is located between coordinates 2nd 12'28 "S and 78 ° 08'15" W. For the methodology a sample of total cocoa producers in the canton Cumandá, whom interviews were conducted in situ using recorder and field sheets, in order to know the reality of management of this crop in the area, was calculated then used surveys based on the information gathered to close the answers. From this information a sheet data was constructed and tabulated in the Statistics18 system. The work yielded the following results: 38.9% of respondents are in the age range of 41 to 55 years old; 26.7% are between 56 and 70 years; 18.9% have more than 70 years and only 15.6% are between 25-40 years of age. Most respondents cocoa producers are 76.7% men and 23.3% women. Cumandá canton area where we found higher cocoa production is the sector of the Island with 77.7%, divided into precincts: Buenos Aires with 40%, the New Union with 11.1%, with Agricultural Production 10%, Los Laureles with 8.9% 87 4.4% and 1.1% Guayacanes with. We also found Cascajal producers in enclosures with 11.1% Reserves 4.4%, the model with a 2.2% and Rio Blanco with 1.1%; the latter not belonging to the sector La Isla. The 97.8% of respondents are literate, while 2.2% do not know. 61.1% of farmers interviewed have primary education, 22.2% have secondary education, 13.3% have higher education, 1.1% have another type of instruction and 2.2% have no type of instruction. 32.2% of those xx interviewed producers stated that the soil where the crop is cocoa develops franc; 26.7% indicates that the soil is clayey; 17.8% say it has a sandy soil and 23.3% are other types of soil. 48.9% of interviewed farmers have their crops at low slopes; 46.7% indicate that the slope is average while 4.4% of the producers indicate that the slope is high. Most producers agree that the rainiest months are the first months of the year, broken down as follows: 48.9% in March, 28.9% in February and April to 10%. Also, most producers agree that the driest months are the months of September with 26.7%, with 24.4% in August, October with 17.8%, with 14.4% in November and July 8.9%. Respondents consider the month of July as the cooler with 37.8%, followed by August with 33.3%, with 11.1% in September and June to 8.9%. 17.8% of respondents believe that December is best suited for planting work, followed by March with 15.6% in January to 14.4%, February with the November with 13.3% and 12.2%. 25.6% of respondents producers, perform the harvest in October, 20.0% carry the harvest in September, 16.7% carry the harvest in August, with the same percentage perform harvest in November. You may also notice that 17.8% of respondents producers make pruning in March; 12.2% do pruning in February and made similar percentage pruning in June; 10% do pruning in April and also with 10% perform pruning in May. 82.2% of farmers surveyed Fertilisation perform work the first half of the year, distributed as follows: 14.4% work in January, 10.0% do so in February, 13.3% in March, 14.4% in April, 15.6% in May and 14.4% in June. 62.2% of respondents state that knowledge about agricultural practices obtained thanks to the experience gained over time, 21.1% stated that the obtained thanks to the inherited knowledge, 13.3% for training and only 3.3% obtained it for higher studies. 56.7% of respondents expressed producers who grow the variety CCN-51 ramilla; 25.6% use the variety CCN-51 graft; 16.7% use the National variety fine aroma and 1.1% use other varieties. 92.2% of respondents say they obtained producing plant nurseries and buying just 7.8% indicates that performs own plant propagation. 77.8% of respondents use ranges planting distances ranging between 2.5 m x 2.5 m to 3 m x 3 m; 18.9% use distances ranging between 3.25 m x 3.25 m to 4 m x 4 m and 3.3% used other planting distances. 78.9% do weeding to prepare the ground for planting, plow makes 17.8% 1.1% performs soil disinfection and 2.2% engaged in other activities. It can also be seen that 65.6% of respondents producers machete used for site preparation; 16.7% used tractor; 6.7 scythe used bike; 9.9% use mattock, chainsaw and knapsack and 1.1% use scrawl. In addition to 100% of respondents perform a manual planting. 57.8% of producers use the Burrow; 12.2% use lampa; 11.1% use bar; 8.9% xxi use machete; estaquilla uses 6.7% and 3.3% used piola. 40% of farmers do not use ancestral knowledge or bio-indicators for this activity; 25.6% is guided by the waning quarter; 18.9% use the crescent of the lunar cycle; 8.9% is based on winter; 5.6% is guided by the full moon and 1.1% are in new moon. 48.9% of farmers using chemical fertilizer; 43.3% use organic fertilizer; and 7.8% do not use any fertilizer. 50% of farmers do not use organic fertilizers; 33.3% makes its own fertilizer and 16.7% buy the compost. 44.4% of producers use specifically granular fertilizer; 15.6% use chicken manure; 8.9% use livestock manure; 5.6% use pig manure; 15.6% use another type of fertilizer and 10% do not use fertilizer. 51.1% of producers payable semi-annually; 37.8% paid annually; does not pay 8.9% and 2.2% do so quarterly. 56.7% of farmers applied 50 to 200 Kg; 17.8% applies from 200 to 600 Kg; 10% do not pay; 7.8% applied 600 to 1200 Kg and the remaining 7.8% over 1200 kg applied. 38.9% of cocoa producers associated with corn; 28.9% do with bananas; 16.7% use cassava; 4.4% associated with other crops while 11.1% is not associated with any crop. 52.2% associated crops from 18 to 24 months; 17.8% work 12 to 18 months; 14.4% work 30 to 36 months; 3.3% work 24 to 30 months and 3.3% do so in more than 36 months. You may also notice that 63.3% of farmers do not perform drainage while 36.7% if you make drainage. 81.1% of farmers do not use ancestral knowledge or bio-indicators for this activity; 10% is guided by the crescent; 6.7% use the waning quarter moon cycle; 1.1% is based on the new moon and the remaining 1.1% are in full moon. 53.3% of farmers affected by ants; 14.4% have no pest problems; 11.1% is affected by sanduchero; 7.8% said that aphids are the problem; chinchorro 7.8% and 5.6% have other pest problems. In addition 95.6% of farmers do not use ancestral knowledge for this activity and 4.4% if you make some ancestral practice. 47.8% of producers think that the sheet is affected by this scourge; 44.4% none; 5.6% to 2.2% fruit and the stem.
Comportamiento productivo de ovinos alimentados con dietas a base de fruta de pan (Artocarpus altilis)
(2017) Silva Bastidas, Arsenio Oliveros; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of diets based on breadfruit (Artacarpus altilis) on the productive behavior of sheep. Eighteen male sheep with a mean age of 7 to 8 months and a weight of 22.23 kg were used. A completely randomized design (DCA) was used, with three treatments and six replicates, in addition to an analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5%, with the statistical package SAS 2009. The treatments were T1: 100% alfalfa. (Witness); T2: 80% alfalfa + 20% breadfruit; T3: 60% alfalfa + 40% breadfruit. The variables evaluated were: voluntary nutrient intake (CVMS, CVMO, FVCF and FVCFN), weight gain (GP g / day) and feed conversion (CA), voluntary consumption of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber Presented difference P = (0.0001) between treatments being the one of greater consumption T3 (1652.71; 1560.16; 872.63g) respectively. Regarding the consumption of acid detergent fiber, difference P = (0.0001) between treatments was observed, with the highest T1 value (585.77g). Regarding the weight gain presented difference P = (0.0001) between treatments obtaining the highest weight gain T3 (218.88 g / day). The feed conversion presented difference P = (0.0001) obtaining the smallest result T3 (7.55). Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that sheep fed diets containing 40% of breadfruit inclusions constitute an alternative food resource, being able to improve the productive parameters obtaining a good productive response, possibly due to the content of non-structural carbohydrates present In T3
Desarrollo fenológico del cultivo del fréjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Var. Cargabello en el cantón Bucay provincia del Guayas
(2017) Villalba Yánez, Juan David; Gutiérrez A., Alberto
The research work was carried out with the aim of contributing and generating data on the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop cycle to plan the commercialization and volumes of water to be applied at each phenological stage, to be disseminated to farmers and For educational purposes. According to the GPS Global Positioning System, it is at a height of 352 meters above sea level, and in geographical coordinates of 2º 12 '15 "south latitude and 79 ° 07'33" west longitude. Statistical analysis was applied with means of central tendency (Means, Standard deviation), where the following results were obtained, for the plant height variable in the final stage of the culture the average was 48.9 cm, for the root depth variable in The same stage presented an average of 32 cm, relating height and radical depth is 2/3 of the aerial part with the depth of the root. In the variable days at harvest, the time elapsed from sowing to dry harvesting was 102 this is due to climatic conditions that arose in the experiment especially in relation to high relative humidity. In the variable coefficient of the bean crop, the values given by FAO56 were taken, where the coefficient of cultivation (Kc) for the initial stage is 0.4 with a duration of 23 days. At the development stage the crop coefficient increases gradually, After 30 days reaches its maximum coefficient of crop (Kc) of 1.15 that presented in the intermediate stage since at this stage the consumptive use of the plant reaches its highest point the value of Kc remains constant for 28 days, In the final stage the Kc descends until reaching 0.35 with a duration of 21 days. Phenological stages of bean cultivation in the climatic conditions of Bucay, Guayas province had these durations for the initial stage 23 days, for the stage of development 30 days, for the intermediate stage or mid season the duration was 28 days and For the final stage or maturation 21 days, which allows us to know when the crop needs more or less water and fertilizers in addition can be scheduled the moment the product is ready to be marketed KEYWORDS: Phenological stages, bean, cultivation coefficient, root depth, plant height, Bucay.
Descripción y revalorización de los saberes ancestrales en la producción agrícola en el recinto Suncamal, Sacramento y La Isla del cantón Cumandá provincia del Chimborazo
(2017) Moreno Quishpe, Nury Celena; Mera Andrade, Rafael
The research was carried out in the Suncamal, Sacramento and Canton Island Cumandá precincts, Province of Chimborazo, with the aim of gathering information to know the ancestral practices that the maize, bean and sugar cane producers maintains in the production management agricultural. For the selection of the sample investigated, a meeting was convened to first socialize the project by inviting the farmers of the Suncamal, La Isla and Sacramento enclosures in them to observe the willingness to participate of 20 farmers in the Sacramento precinct, 30 in the precinct Suncamal and 50 in the enclosure the Island, giving a total of 100 farmers to them they proceeded to apply an interview. All phases of crop management, ie field preparation, seed selection, crop management, disease and pest control, irrigation, harvesting. Four were found in cane cultivation in relation to age with 80%, level of education with 63%, obtaining inherited knowledge with 73% not using any fertilizer with 76%. In the same way, in the cultivation of beans, four ancestral knowledge regarding the age of the farmers over 35 with 65%, by inheritance with 90%, the tools to be used with 87.1% for the sowing are fixed in the cycle Lunar and season of the year with 60%. In maize cultivation, only two factors were found: the first was the age of farmers with 76% greater than 35 years and the inheritance in obtaining their knowledge with 52%. The results of the research make it possible to determine that ancestral knowledge should be revalued among farmers through practical workshops in order to disseminate how the land worked for the elderly and that they should be rescued so that agricultural work can be carried out in search of Get organic and healthy food for the consumer. KEYWORDS: Ancestral Knowledge, corn cultivation, sugar cane, beans a, interviews, surveys, Buen Vivir.
Descripción y revalorización de los saberes ancestrales en la producción pecuaria en los recintos: Suncamal, Sacramento y La Isla, en el cantón Cumandá, provincia del Chimborazo
(2017) Caicedo Reinoso, Cristhian Rafael; Mera Andrade., Rafael
The research was carried out in the Sacramento, Suncamal and La Cumandá cantons, in the province of Chimborazo, with the objective of gathering information to know the ancestral practices of poultry, pork and cattle producers to rescue and revalue the ancestral knowledge that are kept in the livestock work of the mentioned places. The use of the ancestral knowledge and the application of the same in the livestock production, referring to the development of a pig, poultry or livestock farm, we can find some advantages, since it becomes a small family activity of backyard agriculture what the Unite more or one way for coexistence and contact with nature, and in this way to achieve higher yields with respect to profits and economic activity, in this way costs are cheaper since agrochemical or chemical inputs are not applied. Make the production system more expensive, which leads to sustainable production. The results obtained in the research made it possible to determine that ancestral knowledge should be revalued among the producers through practical workshops in order to disseminate how they work with the selected animals. For the selection of the animals take into account the size, weight, in the construction of chancheras, nests and corrals use materials of the area as bamboo cane, planks, leaves of cade, straw dry banana leaves, sawdust and through the use they use , Cooked Chinese potato, orito, tender pastures, kitchen waste. In order to combat diseases, they use plum buds for diarrhea, garlic, rue for pneumonia, for labor facilities use sawdust and in the process of laboring, the intervention and manipulation of man, to prevent diseases and disinfection of farms use incense and burning of Plants, for castration use knife and for healing use lemon, urine. KEY WORDS: Ancestral knowledge, livestock, Pigs, Poultry, Cattle, interviews, surveys.
Determinar las curvas de extracción de nutrientes en el cultivo de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum), variedad Connecticut 207 en la Tabacalera La Meca S.A. (Tabamesa) ’’ en el año 2016
(2016) Mancheno Salazar, Ronald Patricio; Yánez Yánez, Wilfrido
The work was carried out in 2016, on the premises of the tobacco company "MECA ¨ SA (TABAMESA), located at Km 79 via Duran-Bucay, Guayas province, its geographic coordinates are 2º17'1.1798" south latitude and 79º12'25.6423 "of Western Longitude and has a height of 78 msnm. According to the ecological classification of Leslie Holdridge, the study area corresponds to Tropical rainforest In the results of nutrient extraction curves it can be seen that nitrogen, its maximum absorption is at 34.73 days with an average amount of 26 mg / plant / day, while phosphorus as well as zinc and Iron, its maximum extraction occurs between 31.55 and 31.13 days with an average amount of 1.88 mg / plant / day, for zinc, 3.55 mg / plant / day and for iron 13.32 mg / plant / day. For the case of potassium, its maximum extraction occurs at day 40.46, with an average amount of 16.28 mg / plant / day, for calcium its maximum extraction occurs at day 36.51 with an average amount of 8.48 mg / plant / day, While Magnesium and Sulfur, their maximum extraction occurs between days 33.72 and 33.02, respectively, with an average amount of 2.54 mg / plant / day for Mg and 2.05 mg / plant / day for S. The Manganese maximum extraction occurs at day 43.19 with an average amount of 2.71 mg / plant / day, the Copper its maximum extraction occurs at day 37.85 with an average amount of 0.55 mg / plant / day and Boron with its maximum level of Extraction on day 39.89 with an average amount of 0.10mg / plant / day. KEY WORDS: Extraction, Nutrients, Plant, Tobacco
Efecto del consumo de dietas a base de fruta de pan (Artocarpus altilis) sobre la digestibilidad de los nutrientes en ovinos
(2017) Ruilova Ruilova, Ruth Araceli; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos
The objective of the present research was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of diets based on breadfruit (Artacarpus altilis) on the digestibility of nutrients in sheep. For which 12 male sheep with an average age of 7 to 8 months and an average weight of 23.50 kg were used, a completely randomized design (DCA) was used, with three treatments and four replicates, in addition to an analysis of variance and Test of Tukey to 5%, with the statistical package SAS 2000. The treatments were T1: 100% of alfalfa. (Witness); T2: 80% alfalfa + 20% breadfruit; T3: 60% alfalfa + 40% breadfruit. The variables evaluated were: Voluntary intake of nutrients (CVMS, CVMO, CVFDN and CVFNA), Apparent nutrient digestibility (DMS, DMO, DFDN, DFDA) Being the highest value T3 and T2 (1651.29 and 1594.21 respectively). The voluntary consumption of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber presented differences (P = 0.0002 and 0.0001) between treatments, with the highest consumption T3 (1558.82; 871.88) and T2 (1496.96; 835.37) respectively. While for the voluntary consumption of acid detergent fiber shows differences (P = 0.0001) being its greater consumption T1 and T2 (583.01 and 582.26) respectively. Regarding the apparent digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber, differences (P = 0.0001) were observed between treatments, with the highest T3 digestibility (48.23 and 43.34), respectively. The digestibility of acid detergent fiber did not show a difference between treatments (P = 0.2208), based on the above results, and the differences between the treatments (P = 0.0001) and the highest digestibility T3 and T2 (55.58 and 53.91 respectively) It can be concluded that the incorporation of breadfruit in sheep diets can improve the digestibility of nutrients, possibly due to the non-structural carbohydrate content present in T3, which can improve the ruminal environment.
Efectos de dos hormonas enraizantes sobre estacas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L) de la variedad CCN 51 en la zona de Matilde Esther, en la provincia del Guayas
(2017) Campoverde Armijos, Jefferson Alexis; Cruz Tobar, Eduardo
The research work was carried out with the objective of studying the effect of two rooting hormones on CCN-51 cacao clonal plants at nursery level, in the province of Guayas, Bucay county, Matilde Esther's enclosure in the nursery of Mr. Wilmer Palacios Geographical: 2 ° 11' 26.5¨ South latitude and 79º 05' 38.4¨ West longitude, with an altitude of 463 meters above sea level. The block design was applied at random, with 4 treatments and 6 replicates. In addition, Tukey significance tests were performed at 5% for significant treatments, where the following results were obtained: the number of stakes attached to The 60 days (%) there is no statistical difference but mathematically treatment H2D2 (hormone IBA with 800 mg dose) with an average of 80%. For the variable number of outbreaks at 65 days if there is significance where the H1D2 treatment (hormone 1 with 800 mg dose) presents the best result with an average of 3.22 and treatment H1D1 (hormone 1 with a dose of 400 mg) which Lower average presented with 2.70. The variable Root length has statistical significance, being the best treatment H2D2 (IBA hormone with 800 mg dose) with an average of 13.08 cm and the treatment H1D1 (hormone 1 with dose of 400 mg) the lower average presented with 6.42 cm, this Occurred 70 days after the propagation. The volume variable of the root mass is statistically significant, with the treatment H2D2 (IBA hormone with 800 mg dose) the best result presented with an average of 2.77 cc and the treatment H1D1 (hormone 1 with a dose of 400 mg) Average presented with 0.47 cc.
Enraizamiento de cormos de orito (Musa acuminata AA) mediante el uso de abonos orgánicos líquidos
(2017) Salazar Moyota, Verónica Janina; Jiménez, Luis
The objective of the present work was to determine the effects of two liquid organic fertilizers on rooting of Musa acuminata AA. The liquid organic fertilizers evaluated were as follows; Liquid humus from cattle (T1), beef manures (T2), control (T3), in 75% drench applications. Root mass (PMR), root volume (VR), root length (LR), foliage weight (PF), total leaf area (ATH), length and width were measured. The methodology followed was to make the applications from the 93 days of the sowing of the hills every 8 days and later to take data every 15 days. The data obtained at 181 days were used for the processing of the information in the statistical program INFOSTAT version 2015. According to the results obtained from the analysis of variance in the part of the radical system there was statistical significance in the PMR variable with an average of 331 , 67 although the variables LR and VR had no significance, they obtained a higher average than the other treatments with means of 178.45 and 330 respectively. Meanwhile, in the area of the plant there is statistical significance, where the liquid humus of cattle stands out in all the response variables: PF = 623, 33; LH = 108.12; AH = 46.63. Key words: Organic fertilizers, fluid, corms, root mass, root volume, drench.
Estudio socio-económico del cultivo de maíz (Zea mayz l) en el sector Buenos Aires cantón Cumandá provincia de Chimborazo
(2016) Muyolema Loja, Pedro Iván; Valle Velástegui, Luciano
This research was carried out in the sectors of the Buenos Aires enclosure belonging to the Cumandá canton of the province of Chimborazo. The Cumandá canton is located south west of the province of Chimborazo in the western foothills of the Andes mountain range in the Republic of Ecuador. The urban center is between the coordinates 2 ° 12'28 "S and 78 ° 08'15" W. For the methodology, a sample of the total corn producers in the Buenos Aires precinct, Cumandá canton, was calculated. The interviews were carried out on site using tape recorder and field leaves, in order to know the reality of the management of this crop in the area , Then surveys were used based on the information collected to close the answers. From this information a data sheet was constructed and tabulated in the Statistics system18. It can be observed that most of the farmers are men, since they work harder physically, women intervene in planting and harvesting, farmers have primary education level dedicating themselves to growing their properties that do not exceed the hectare, do not belong to Some agricultural association. Respondents buy seed in the market of improved varieties to obtain a greater production, the most common causes that cause crop losses is mismanagement, this influences the supply of the product that can be generated, often being low prices. The majority destines their production to the market without selecting their product and for that reason the price determines it according to the competition of the merchant, some producers realize costs of production therefore the majority do not do this it reflects that the farmers are not aware of the importance of Establish how much they need to start an agricultural activity, and whether or not the process will have a profit. This explains why the study area presents a scarce study analysis, in addition it contributes unnecessary expenses like great amount of chemical fertilizers and makes an excessive use of phytosanitary products contributing to increase the costs of production. The administrative structure of the farm is 70% owned and family owned, 80% belong to no association, and 54% own land with an area of 1000 to 10,000 m2. The maize that grows the farmers is the hybrid in 62%, since 44% consider that it provides good production. The unified basic remuneration of the workers is in accordance with what is established by law, that the financing is with own resource 92% of the producers, the target market is local at 85%, 96% puts the selling price on market. 86% do not record production costs; however, 66% consider that maize production is profitable. To obtain producers who specialize in producing maize highly valued by the consumer / both local and foreign. These data show that the problem that the sector is experiencing is not from productive yields but from technical management. It is necessary to elaborate a booklet of maize crop management, to improve all aspects related to the economic partner. KEY WORDS: Market, supply and demand, natural resources, profitability, rural administration.
Etapas fenológicas del cultivo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum. L) VAR. Verde, bajo las condiciones climáticas del cantón general Antonio Elizalde (Bucay) provincia del Guayas
(2017) Buñay Vallejo, Cristhian Jhon; Gutiérrez A., Alberto
The research work was carried out with the aim of determining the cycle of cultivation of pepper var. Verde, in the climatic conditions of General Antonio Elizalde (Bucay), province of Guayas, the research work was carried out on the estate of Mr. Olmedo Buñay in the general Antonio Elizalde (Bucay), Guayas province, located in the Sector of the Bucay road - Enclosure. Lemon River. The geographical coordinates are: 2 ° 20 'South latitude and 79 ° 15' West longitude with an altitude of 320 meters above sea level. Statistical analyzes were applied with means of central tendency (Medias, Standard deviation), where the following results were obtained for the variable plant height in the intermediate stage of the crop presented an average of 30.9 cm, for the variable depth in the Intermediate stage presented an average of 27.2 cm, data that when relating them one obtains 1 to 1 of the aerial part with the depth of the root. For the variable coefficient of the pepper crop, the values given by FAO56 were taken where the coefficient of cultivation (Kc) for the initial stage is 0.6 with a duration of 25 days, at the development stage the crop coefficient increases, then Of 45 days reaches its maximum crop coefficient (Kc) of 1.15 that presented in the intermediate stage, in this stage the consumptive use of the plant reaches its highest point the value of the crop coefficient (Kc) remains constant for 38 Days here the crop reaches its commercial maturity. In the variable days at harvest the days from sowing to harvest were 108 this is due to the climatic conditions under which the work was carried out during the period of the research work. The phenological stages of the pepper crop in the climatic conditions of the general canton Antonio Elizalde, province of Guayas had for the initial stage a duration of 25 days, for the development stage a duration of 45 days and for the intermediate or mid season season The duration was 38 days which allows us to know the time when the crop needs more or less water and fertilizers additionally that with this we know the time when the product is ready and in this way allows us to satisfy the demand of the local market . KEYWORDS: Phenological stages, pepper, crop coefficient, root depth, plant height.
Etapas fenológicas del maíz (Zea mays L.) VAR. Tusilla bajo las condiciones climáticas del cantón Cumandá, provincia de Chimborazo
(2017) Guzmán Buñay, Dennys Alexander; Gutiérrez A., Alberto
The research work was carried out with the aim of contributing and generating data on the maize (Zea mays L) cultivation cycle, var. Tusillla to program the commercialization and the volumes of water to be applied in each phenological stage, to be divulged to the producers and for educational purposes the experimentation was carried out in the Canton Cumandá, province of Chimborazo, in the sector known as "La Victoria" in The Rosero estate located on the Bucay-Riobamba road with geographical coordinates: Latitude: S 2 ° 20 'and Longitude: W 79 ° 15' at an altitude of 312 meters above sea level. Statistical analysis was applied with means of central tendency (Means, Standard deviation), the results were as follows, for the plant height variable in the final stage of the culture the average was 285.2 cm, for the root depth variable in the Same stage presented an average of 38.9 cm, relating height and radical depth we have 1/5 of the aerial part with the radical depth. In the variable days at harvest, the time from planting to dry harvest was 141 days. This is due to the climatic conditions presented in the experiment especially in relation to the high relative humidity. In the variable coefficient of the maize crop, the values given by FAO56 were taken where the coefficient of cultivation (Kc) for the initial stage is 0.7 with a duration of 21 days, at the development stage the crop coefficient increases, up to To reach its maximum crop coefficient (Kc), which is 1.20, this occurs after 44 days, in the intermediate stage the consumptive use of the plant reaches its highest point the value of Kc 1.20 remains constant for 42 days, in the Final stage the Kc descends until reaching 0.60 with a duration of 34 days. The phenological stages of maize cultivation in the climatic conditions of Cumandá, had these durations for the initial stage 21 days, for the stage of development 44 days, for the intermediate stage or mid season the duration was 42 days and For the final stage or maturing 34 days, which allows us to know when the crop needs more or less water and fertilizers in addition can be scheduled the moment the product is ready to be marketed
Evaluación agronómica del pepinillo (Cucumis sativus L.) hibrido diamante, cultivado aplicando diferentes abonos orgánicos comerciales en el cantón Cumandá, provincia de Chimborazo
(2017) Calle Sánchez, Rosa Ramona; Cruz Tobar, Eduardo
This research was conducted to evaluate agronomically the cultivation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under the influence of three organic fertilizers, in the province of Chimborazo, Cumandá Canton, in the area of Alto Valle, on land of Ms. Maria Sanchez Delgado, the following geographical coordinates. 2nd 19¨ 08' 02' South Latitude and 79º 38 West longitude, with an altitude of 400 meters above sea level. Design randomized block was applied, with 3 treatments and 10 repetitions, plus significance tests of Tukey were performed at 5% for significant treatments, where the following results were obtained as: variable days to flowering, the time from planting to flowering when fifty percent of the plants bloomed net plot were 31 days for the 3 treatments with organic fertilizers where there is no difference to the amount thereof. In the variable days to harvest the days from sowing to first harvest was 48 days, because it is a hybrid data obtained were homogeneous, having the same driving conditions and climate, the second harvest took place 53 days after sowing, being a short growing cycle lasting two months. Number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter and production being Guanno treatment with the best results obtained: In the first harvest was determined variables. In the second harvest for the variable length of the fruit, treatment with Eco Abonaza was presented better results for the other variables Guanno treatment was presented the best results. Total production in kg ha-1 has statistically significance between treatments, being the Guanno the treatment of major production: 27 119.64 kg ha-1, followed by treatment with Bio Compost reporting a decrease of 16% over the previous and finally Eco Abonaza treatment which has a 20.42% less than the first. Possibly the biggest production and for all variables due to treatment with Guanno in chemical composition is 75% organic matter. KEYWORDS: Gherkin, Agronomic evaluation, Hybrid, organic fertilizer, Guano.
Evaluación de cuatro sustratos y tres niveles de fertilización en el cultivo semihidropónico de pepinillo de sal (Cucumis sativus L.).
(2016) Zeas Pérez, Eudoro Rosendo; Jiménez Esparza, Luis
This research aims to determine the substrates rice husk 100% bagasse 100% rice husks 50% + bagasse 50%, with three levels of fertilization in the semihidropónico culture salt cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) This research was conducted in the province of Chimborazo in Canton Cumandá 56 km from the capital of the province, has an area of 158.7 km2, it is high up, from 300 to 2000 masl. Design substrates with 3 replications in split plot randomized block, the main plot and subplots fertilization. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), according to the proposed experimental design was made; and sources of variation that were significant significance test was performed Tukey 5%. Applying high levels of fertilization F3 produced better crop response gherkin since the best results were obtained in the variable number of fruits, fruit diameter, length of fruit, days to flowering, days to harvest, weight and fruit yield because the nutrients incorporated into the substrate induced a higher crop development. The use of common land in the area and bagasse had the best results in all variables studied as these substrates provided adequate conditions of humidity, temperature, aeration, porosity for crop development. The use of higher levels of fertilization with the S4 substrates (common ground in the area) and S2 (bagasse) increased average yields in this crop due to both nutrient availability as the physicochemical conditions provided by the substrates. Keywords: Gherkin, bagasse, common ground, darkrooms, fertilization, semihidroponía.
Evaluación del efecto de extractos vegetales en el control de trips (Tripsspp.) en el cultivo de pimiento (Capsicum annum L.) variedad Martha
(2017) Piña Pérez, Henrry Jacinto; Aldás Jarrín, Juan Carlos
Thisrehearsalwascarriedout in thecanton Cumandá, county of Chimborazo, throwingthefollowingresults: thecombination of vegetable extractssamplethebestresultsbeinglocated in therange TO, headedbythetreatment E4D3 (I Summarizepepper-garlic-nettlecocktail + thedose of 400 ml. of solution) with a stocking of 1,91; followedbythetreatment E4D2 (I Summarizepepper-garlic-nettlecocktail + thedose of 300 ml. of solution) with a stocking of 1,96; in third place wefind to thetreatment E4D1 (I Summarizepepper-garlic-nettlecocktail + thedose of 200 ml. of solution) with a stocking of 2,13, leaving at theend to thewitness in a range AND with a stocking of 5,14. Wefindthattheextracts E4 (pepper + I age + nettle), E3 (Nettle + I Age) and E1 (Pepper + Nettle) theyoccupytherange TO withstockings of 2,00; 2,48 and 2,61 respectively, leavingthewitness in therange C with a stocking of 5,14, isalsoappreciatedthatthe doses D3 (400 ml), D2 (300 ml) and D1 (2,91) theyoccupytherange TO, withstockings of 2,56; 2,76 and 2,91 respectively, whatmeansthatamongdosedifferencesdon'texiststatisticallysignificant; butallthe doses overcomethewitnessthatoccupiestherange B with a stocking of 5,14. One can observe thatthetreatment E4D3 (Extract of pepper + I age + nettlewith 400 dose ml) itoccupiestherange TO with a stocking of 6,92%; in therange AB wefind to thetreatments E4D2 (Extract of pepper + I age + nettlewith 300 dose ml) and E4D1 (Extract of pepper + I age + nettlewith 200 dose ml) with 8,75% and 10,92% respectively; leaving in thelast place withtherange D to thewitness and E2D1 (pepper + I agewith 200 dose ml) withstockings of 28,56% and 31,25% respectively. Itisobservedthattheextract E4 (pepper + I age + nettle) itoccupiestherange TO with a stocking of 8,86 area% to foliateaffected; whiletherest of treatmentsoccupiestherange B, leaving in last place to thewitnesswith a stocking of 28,26 area% to foliateaffectedbytrips. One can observe thatthe doses D3 (400 ml) and D1 (200 ml) theyoccupytherange TO withstockings of 17,48% and 18,79% respectively; whilethewitnessoccupiestherange B in last place with a stocking of 28,56 area% to foliateaffectedbytrips. He/shealso stands out in therange TO thetreatments E4D2 (pepper + I age + ortiga/300 ml) and E4D3 (pepper + I age + ortiga/400 ml) with a stocking of 1% of fruitsaffectedbytripseachone; leaving in last place in therange B to thewitnesswith a stocking of 8% of fruitsaffectedbytrips. Theextract E4 (pepper + I age + nettle) and E3 (Nettle + I age) theyoccupytherange TO withstockings of 1,44% and 3,44% respectively; in therange AB wefind to theextracts E2 (pepper + I age) with a stocking of 4,42% and E1 (pepper + nettle) with a stocking of 4,78%; leaving in therange B to thewitnesswith a stocking of 8,00% of fruitsaffectedbytrips. Itisalsoappreciatedthatthe doses D3 (400 ml) and D2 (300 ml) they are in therange TO withstockings of 2,92% and 3,33% of fruitsaffectedrespectivelybytrips; leavingthewitness in therange B with a stocking of 8% of fruitsaffectedbytrips. Theextract E4 (pepper + I age + nettle) itislocated in therange TO with a stocking of 1,71 Kg. leaving in therange B to thewitnesswith a stocking of 0,30 Kg. One can observe thatthewitness has a betterrelationshipbenefit-cost, because in this he wasnotcarriedoutany variable investment, howeverthetreatmentswithextract E3 (nettle + I age) they are themost beneficial duringthe time of therehearsal and thefirst 4 crops. Itisnecessary to emphasizethatthepepperisanannualcultivation and thatfromthefirstcropit can be carriedoutthisoperationeach 8 or 10 days, recoveringthatinvestedthoroughly and usingalternativeorganicforthetrips control, equallywewillobtaineconomicbenefit.
Factores que inciden para la pérdida de los saberes ancestrales de la producción de papá (Solanum tuberosum) en la comunidad San Miguel de Quera del cantón Riobamba
(2017) Vique Silva, Jefferson Hernán; Cruz Tobar, Eduardo
The research was carried out in the San Miguel de Quera community of the Riobamba canton, aimed at potato farmers, with the purpose of collecting information to know the factors that affect the loss of ancestral knowledge, whose information allowed to collect information and analyze it To rescue the knowledge that is maintained in the agricultural work of the community especially in the cultivation of potatoes. The research was descriptive, through interviews and surveys to the farmers of the community, to gather information on ancestral techniques in field preparation, seed selection, crop management, disease and pest control, irrigation, harvesting, postharvest (Solanum tuberosum), a semi-structured survey was prepared and tested with several questions. The results of the research, allow to determine that the knowledge acquired by the farmers are inherited from the older ones, that the land work mostly manually, as it allows them to control the quality of the soil, for planting they use native seeds because they have less problems Phytosanitary and yield. The factors that positively influence the ancestral knowledge regarding potato cultivation in relation to the preparation of manual soil with hoe with 80%, natural soil disinfection with 100% ash, seed origin 74%, handling of bad Manual herbs 100%, and manual hoeing with hoe or yoke with 100%.
Fermentación ruminal in vitro y cinética de degradación ruminal in situ de dietas a base de fruta de pan (Artocarpus altilis)
(2017) Silva Ruilova, Jonathan Oliveiros; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of diets based on breadfruit (Artacarpus altilis) on ruminal fermentation in vitro and kinetics of in situ ruminal degradation in cattle. On the apparent dry matter digestibility (DIVMS, DIVMO), dry matter degradation kinetics (DMS, DMO, DFDN, DFDA) and in vitro gas production (PGIV), 6 cannulated bulls of approximately 2 years Of age and 350 kg of live weight distributed in a completely randomized design, subjected to 3 treatments and 6 repetitions. For the treatments T1: 100% alfalfa, T2: 80% alfalfa + 20% breadfruit and T3: 60% alfalfa + 40% breadfruit. The IVDMD and DIVMO was higher P = (0.0006) for T3 (504.5; 517.4 g / kg respectively). The DMS and DMO fraction the soluble fraction (A), the insoluble fraction (B) and (c) degradation rate in percent per hour, did not show differences between treatments, whereas for DMS, K (0.05 h -1 and 0.08 H-1) effective degradation presents differences P = (0.0001, 0.0005 respectively) between treatments, with the highest percentages being T3 (59.6, 56.4) and T2 (57.8, 55.3) respectively. As for the effective degradation DMO, K (0.02 h-1 and 0.05 h-1) presented difference P = (0.0001) between treatments, obtaining the highest T3 results (62.4 and 57.5 respectively), K value (0.08 h- 1) was higher in T3 and t2 (54.1 and 52.4) presenting difference P = (0.0001) with respect to T1. For the DFDN, (A) does not present difference P = (0.3085) between treatments. While for (B) and (c) they show differences P = (0.0215 and 0.0320) respectively, being those with higher value T3 (37.0 and 0.092 respectively). With respect to K (0.02 h-1, 0.05 h-1 and 0.08 h-1), there were P = (0.0001) differences between treatments obtaining the highest T3 results (44.2, 37.8 and 33.7), respectively. Regarding DFDA, the parameters under study: (A), (c) did not present any difference, while for (B) the highest value was obtained T3 (32.8), presenting difference for P = (0.0104) with respect to T1. The DFDA K (0.02 h-1) presented its highest values in T2 and T3 (29.2 and 28.5), with a difference in P = (0.0005) in relation to T1, while in K (0.05 h -1 and 0.08 h -1) Did not show difference P = (0.1602 and 0.2303 respectively) between treatments. It was concluded that (Artocarpus altilis) could be used in diets for cattle up to 40%.