Carrera de Biotecnología
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/handle/123456789/34800
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Item Determinación del efecto de Cr6+ y Cd2+ sobre la producción de biogás y las características de lixiviado de vertederos biorreactores para la estabilización de materia orgánica residual(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Ortega Quiroz, Luis Enrique; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidBioreactor landfills are an attractive option for municipal solid waste management compared to conventional landfills. It is characterized by the recirculation of the generated leachate, so that the need for leachate treatment is reduced and the rate of biogas generation increases. However, this biogas production can be affected by the concentration of heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium and cadmium, which could have toxic effects on microbiological processes. Three identically started bioreactor landfills were implemented for twelve weeks. They were installed in columns, where successive layers of compost, green waste and sludge from the Ambato wastewater treatment plant were added. The first landfill was used as a control, while the other two were added with hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the ninth week, where a slight stabilization of biogas production occurred. The leachate generated by the columns was collected in a bottom vessel and recirculated to the upper section of the column. The quality of the leachate was analyzed by measuring compounds such as sulphate, sulphide, phosphate, ammonium, magnesium, COD, chromium and cadmium. It was concluded that the addition of hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the bioreactor landfill was not toxic to the microorganisms, but it did affect their operation by causing blockage in the recirculation. This indicates that the presence of these metals did not have an impact on the quality of the leachate and biogas generation.Item Determinación del efecto de Cr6+ y Cd2+ sobre la producción de biogás y las características de lixiviado de vertederos biorreactores para la estabilización de materia orgánica residual(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-03) Montiel Sánchez, Gabriela Vanessa; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidBioreactor landfills are an attractive option for municipal solid waste management compared to conventional landfills. It is characterized by the recirculation of the generated leachate, so that the need for leachate treatment is reduced and the rate of biogas generation increases. However, this biogas production can be affected by the concentration of heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium and cadmium, which could have toxic effects on microbiological processes. Three identically started bioreactor landfills were implemented for twelve weeks. They were installed in columns, where successive layers of compost, green waste and sludge from the Ambato wastewater treatment plant were added. The first landfill was used as a control, while the other two were added with hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the ninth week, where a slight stabilization of biogas production occurred. The leachate generated by the columns was collected in a bottom vessel and recirculated to the upper section of the column. The quality of the leachate was analyzed by measuring compounds such as sulphate, sulphide, phosphate, ammonium, magnesium, COD, chromium and cadmium. It was concluded that the addition of hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the bioreactor landfill was not toxic to the microorganisms, but it did affect their operation by causing blockage in the recirculation. This indicates that the presence of these metals did not have an impact on the quality of the leachate and biogas generation.Item Estudio de los criterios fisicoquímicos, microbiológicos y metales pesados en agua para consumo humano en la comunidad de Misquilli, en la parroquia de Santa Rosa, provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Lozada López, Jennifer Katherine; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe objective of this research is to characterize the water quality and determine the concentration of heavy metals in the community of Misquilli, belonging to the parish of Santa Rosa. Monitoring was carried out in May 2023, taking 6 samples along the water transport route, from its origin to the point of consumption. In addition, analyses of the physicochemical characteristics of the water were performed using the photometer for minerals and the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for heavy metals; in the microbiological analysis was performed from membrane filtration, following the allowable limits established in Annex 1 of the Environmental Quality Regulations (Table 1 TULSMA) for source water, and in Annex 2 of INEN Standard 1108:2014 for drinking water. The values obtained were interpreted by comparing them with the standards stipulated in the ordinance. Some physicochemical parameters were identified that exceeded the maximum permissible limits (MPL) in fluoride water with values between 3.7 to 4.2 milligrams per liter (MPL of 1.5 milligrams per liter INEN 1108:2014 and Table 1 TULSMA), cadmium with values 0.0032 and 0. 0046 milligrams per liter (MPL of 0.003 milligrams per liter INEN 1108:2014), free residual chlorine with values below 0.04 milligrams per liter (permissible range between 0.3 to 1.5 milligrams per liter INEN 1108:2014) and fecal coliforms with values of 15 CFU per 100 mL (MPL less than 1 CFU per 100 mL INEN 1108:2014).Item Caracterización del contenido en nutrientes y metales pesados en lodos provenientes de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Ambato (PTAR)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Sánchez Lascano, Alison Verónica; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidSustainable soil management is a priority for food production and environmental protection; therefore, sewage sludge becomes an agricultural management strategy to improve soil properties. This is the reason why, the centrifuge sludge and solidified sludge from the PTAR-Ambato were characterized based on their physicochemical characteristics (moisture content, organic matter and pH), heavy metal content (Cr, Pb, Cd, As, Co, Ni, Al) and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn). Through the maximum and minimum limits analysis, established in the current environmental regulations, the use of residual sludge in agriculture was measured. Indeed, the high content of nutrients (percentage) N, P and K with 3.05, 2.15 and 0.77 in centrifuge sludge; and 0.92, 41.27 and 1.01, in solidified sludge, respectively, make it a potential resource for nutrient recycling. However, the high moisture content (percentage) with 389.61 and 70.56, the low organic matter content (percentage) with 10.97 and 0.68 in centrifuge sludge and solidified sludge, respectively, as well as the high content of heavy metals (milligram per kilogram) such as elemental aluminum with 759.43 and hexavalent chromium with 82.68 limit their use in agriculture. In conclusion, residual sludge from the PTAR-Ambato could be stabilized before final disposal by prolonged alkalinization, composting or vermicomposting to obtain a product suitable for agriculture.Item Evaluación de la calidad del agua y determinación de metales pesados en sedimentos de la microcuenca del río Alajua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Moreano Panchi, Ana Belen; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThis study aims to evaluate the quality of surface water and determine the heavy metals in the sediments of the Alajua River micro watershed through the analysis of physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Consequently, it made a sampling campaign and determined five points in the high and low watersheds of the river. The results obtained from characterizing the water and sediment samples were analyzed with the maximum allowable limits set by Ecuadorian environmental legislation (TULSMA). In addition, parameters such as pH and conductivity are monitored at all test points, turbidity, sulfates, and nitrates in the water test, and metals in water sediments did not exceed the following limits: Al, Cd, Cr, As, and Ni. However, high concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Pb were found in the upper and lower watershed, exceeding the TULSMA limits. The results of the microbiological analysis showed total and fecal contamination at all points. The most polluted points were point 3 (200 meters below the Pungoloma-Quisapincha road), point 4, and point 5, located in the Aguaján sector. Two water quality indices, NSF and Dinius, were calculated from the data collected. The assessment of the water quality in the river with the two water indicators indicated the three points mentioned earlier to be suitable for human beings and acceptable for agricultural irrigation. In conclusion, the continuous monitoring of this micro-watershed should be constant.Item Caracterización de la calidad del agua y determinación de metales pesados en sedimentos de la microcuenca del río Colorado(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Frias Carrion, Adriana Jacqueline; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe present investigation aims to characterize the quality of the water and determine the concentration of heavy metals in the sediments of the Colorado River micro-basin for the evaluation of the degree of contamination through the water quality index (ICA), for which it was carried out a monitoring in September 2022, taking 5 sampling stations along the Colorado River. On the other hand, the analysis of the physicochemical characteristics was carried out considering the permissible limits of the Environmental Quality Regulation (TULSMA) established in annex 1, for water and in annex 2, for soil. The ICA values were interpreted through the NSF and Dinius classification scale. The results physicochemical parameters that exceeded the permissible limits in water were fecal coliforms, zinc, lead, iron and manganese. On the other hand, the measurements that exceeded the soil quality criteria were hexavalent chromium, cadmium and copper. In accordance with the aforementioned, a regular water quality was estimated using the ICA-NSF. On the other hand, the water was classified as contaminated except for P3, which was acceptable through the Dinius ICA. The condition in the sampling areas in surface waters is mainly due to anthropic activities such as the presence and deposition of animal feces; as well as domestic water discharges and the dry season, which allowed us to investigate the deterioration of water quality in the Colorado River.Item Evaluación del consumo de oxígeno por bacterias aeróbicas en aguas residuales de la planta de tratamiento de Ambato contaminadas con arsénico y cromo(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Freire Alegria, Sharon Mayli; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidIndustrial activities and population growth have led to an increase in the use of water resources and, therefore, the generation of wastewater. These have a high pollution load, both biological and non-biological (heavy metals, organic matter). For this reason, the objectives of this curricular integration project were to characterize the wastewater obtained from three secondary treatment points (the clarified effluent from the primary reactor, the mixed liquor from the biological reactor and the biosolids recirculation tank) of the Ambato wastewater treatment plant. Toxicity bioassays were also conducted by adding arsenic and hexavalent chromium, to verify how these metals affect the oxygen uptake rate and the inhibition of 20, 50 and 80 percent of microbial metabolism and growth. Determining that, as the concentration of the elements increased, the oxygen uptake rate decreased in both cases, as they decreased from 277 to 152 (arsenic) and from 288 to 68 milligrams of oxygen per liter per day (chromium). Furthermore, chromium was more toxic than arsenic, since the latter metal needed higher concentrations (1000 milligrams per liter) to achieve a 20 percent inhibition, as opposed to chromium, which needed only 13 milligrams per liter. Finally, these studies have been carried out with the purpose of providing alternatives to optimize wastewater treatment in future research.Item Efecto de la adición de cadmio y de plomo sobre el consumo de oxígeno en la degradación de materia orgánica del agua residual cruda de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Aliaga Guerrero, Jean Pierre; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe residuals water treatment contributes to environmental sustainability by removing contaminants present in water. However, the biological treatment in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) be affected due to the high concentration of inorganic contaminants, such as heavy metals, causing deterioration of the system. The objective of the project was to evaluate the impact of the addition of cadmium and lead on the oxygen of aerobic bacteria that degrade the organic material, doing respirometric tests in relation to the increase in heavy metal concentrations. For the tests, the mixed liquor from the WWTP-Ambato biological reactor was collected and exposed to different concentration levels of cadmium and lead. The results revealed that in a concentration up to 2000 mg per L, both heavy metals had an inhibitory effect on oxygen consumption, with a maximum inhibition of 97.75 percent and 85.07 percent for Cd and Pb, respectively. Also, the cadmium and lead toxicity index were determined in the activity of the PTAR-Ambato biological reactor that causes a 20 percent inhibition (IC20) to be 23.32 mg Cd per L and 390.39 mg Pb per L, a 50 percent inhibition (IC50) to be 147.40 mg Cd per L y 671.08 mg Pb per L and 80 percent inhibition (IC80) to be 731.12 mg Cd per L y 951.38 mg Pb per L. In conclusion, the high levels of cadmium and lead toxicity suggest that aerobic bacteria are developing tolerance to these metals.Item Determinación de metales pesados en suelos de cultivo y en granos de plantaciones de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) pertenecientes a la zona litoral central del Ecuador(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Albán Ávila, Ostz Garry; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidHeavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) are dangerous to the environment and human health. Recent research has concluded that they are related to health risks caused by the ingestion of contaminated food. This study uses a general approach to determine the concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni, and As in the cultivated soil and in cocoa beans, which grow in a cocoa plantation in Montalvo - Los Ríos. The main purpose of this study is to determine if the concentrations of heavy metal exceed the maximum permissible limits (MPL) established by environmental standards and international legislation for cocoa and its derivatives. As a result, As and Cd present in the cultivated soil exceeded the MPL of 19 and 0.5 milligrams per kilogram respectively, with mean concentrations of 13.80 milligrams per kilogram of As and 0.69 milligrams per kilogram of Cd. As, Ni and Cd present in cocoa beans exceeded the MPL of 0.5, 1 and 0.1 to 0.8 milligrams per kilogram respectively, with mean concentrations of 3.67 milligrams per kilogram of As, 3.21 milligrams per kilogram of Ni and 1.48 milligrams per kilogram of Cd. Overall, it is necessary to develop successful remediation techniques in the cultivated soil, meanwhile, in cocoa beans, these metals should be considered by public health authorities in the intake of products derived from cocoa.