Tesis Medicina Veterinaria
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Item Evaluación del ácido hipocloroso en el tratamiento de enfermedades bacterianas de la superficie ocular en perros(Universidad Técnica de Ambato Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, 2026-07) Jaramillo Leon, Carlos Andres; Lozada Ortiz, Jenny PiedadIn veterinary medicine, there is a major problem with antibiotic resistance, which has led us to seek treatment options that prevent this resistance in the long term. To test an alternative that reduces antibiotic resistance, the clinical efficacy and economic viability of hypochlorous acid were evaluated in comparison with tobramycin in patients with eye infections. The study involved 20 canine patients, who were divided into two treatment groups: T1, which received 0.01% hypochlorous acid, and T2, which received 0.3% tobramycin. In both groups, ocular swabs were taken before the application of the eye drops and 20 minutes afterwards, thereby measuring the bacterial load in colony-forming units per millilitre (CFU/ml). Cultures and antibiograms demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in all cases as the primary pathogen, whilst Escherichia coli and Streptococcus spp. were isolated in some patients in cases of mixed infections. As a result, it was demonstrated that both treatments significantly reduced the bacterial load. The group treated with HOCl fell from an average of 75.50 CFU/ml to 8.60 CFU/ml, whilst the group treated with tobramycin fell from 74.00 CFU/ml to 9.59 CFU/ml. When a Student’s t-test was performed to compare these two groups, a p-value of 0.4634 was obtained, demonstrating that there were no significant differences between the two treatments. It was concluded that hypochlorous acid is a viable, safe and cost-effective therapeutic alternative for the treatment of bacterial eye infections in dogs, with results similar to those of tobramycinItem Eficacia analgésica del bloqueo transverso abdominal en comparación con el bloqueo de la vaina del recto del abdomen en pacientes sometidos a ovariohisterectomía.(2026-01) Pullutaxi Acurio, Cristian Andrés; Mora Tola, Miguel AndrésEffective control of postoperative pain is essential in modern veterinary medicine, especially in common procedures such as ovariohysterectomy. Inadequate pain management can harm both recovery and the overall well-being of the patient and affect subsequent clinical development. In this context, ultrasound-guided interfascial blocks have gained importance, as they offer more precise anatomical intervention and reduce dependence on systemic analgesics. However, scientific evidence based on live patients comparing techniques such as the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and the rectus sheath block (RSB) is still limited. Therefore, it is crucial to determine which method provides better pain control. This study compared both blocks in females undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Sixty animals were included, randomly divided into two groups, each receiving a uniform anesthetic protocol and the corresponding block with 0.25% bupivacaine. Pain assessment was performed using the modified Glasgow scale at 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours post-surgery, along with monitoring physiological constants and a follow-up call at 48 hours. The results showed that the TAP provided more consistent and effective pain relief than the RSB in the immediate hours after surgery (P 1 H= 0.010; P2 H= <.001;P 3H= <0.001; P 4H= <.001. The main contribution of this study is demonstrating, with a representative sample and without the use of opioids, the superior analgesic effect of the TAP, supporting its recommendation as the preferred technique in abdominal procedures in canines.Item Neoplasias de las glándulas mamarias en caninos: prevalencia y factores de riesgo en Latinoamérica(2025-02) Morales Segovia Shirley Monserrath; Lozada Ortiz Jenny Piedadmammary gland neoplasms are common in non-spayed female dogs, although other risk factors such as breed, age and obesity predispose to them. Objective: to provide updated information on the most common mammary neoplasms in Latin America and to evaluate the risk factors in female dogs. Method: an exhaustive analysis of previous research and relevant scientific literature was carried out, focusing on aspects such as the types of mammary neoplasms mostly per country, as well as the risk factors that are associated with their occurrence, with the Result: that mammary neoplasms are one of the most common conditions in unspayed bitches, with a remarkably high prevalence in certain regions. Other significant risk factors are age, obesity and diet, which contribute to the development of these tumours. In addition, the importance of early and accurate diagnosis was highlighted.Item Determinación de niveles de anticuerpos antirrábicos post-vacunales en caninos de diferentes edades(2025-02) Arcos Cuamacas Micaela Elizabeth; Villavicencio Villavicencio Blanca JeanethCanine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that mainly affects carnivores. For a better understanding of the immune response and the effectiveness of vaccination against this disease, a detailed investigation was conducted at Dr. Pets Veterinary Clinic over a period of two months. The study focused on evaluating post-vaccinal antibody levels in puppies from 2 to 3 months of age, which were selected under specific criteria: good health status confirmed by clinical examination, normal physiological constants, and absence of previous vaccinations. The methodology employed included immunofluorescence tests to measure the immune response generated after vaccination. The findings of the investigation were significant and revealing. A remarkable increase in IgG antibody titers was observed, from a mean of 1:10 in the antevaccination measurement to 1:120 in the post-vaccination measurement, evidencing an effective immune response. In contrast, IgM antibodies showed a different behavior, with a slight reduction from 1:38.5 to 1:32. This decrease is consistent with the normal dynamics of the immune response, where IgM, although the first antibodies to appear, are characterized by a short half-life.Item Instauración de un protocolo de recuperación acelerada en caninos sometidos a una Ooforo-salpingo-histerectomía lateral y sus implicaciones en el metabolismo energético postoperatorio(2024-08) Tarapués García, Elian Alexander; Lozada Salcedo, Euclides EfraínThe primary objective of this research was to establish a protocol for accelerated recovery in canines undergoing lateral Oophoro-salpingohysterectomy (OFH) and to evaluate its effects on postoperative energy metabolism, glucose levels, and recovery time. A clinical trial was conducted at the VetCirujano veterinary clinic with 32 patients, divided into two groups: a control group (T0) and an experimental group (T1). Both groups underwent a fasting period of 8 hours for solids and 4 hours for liquids, but T1 received an oral bolus of 150 ml of 12.5% maltodextrin three hours before surgery. Glucose levels were measured at four points: 3 hours before surgery, perioperative, intraoperative, and 2 hours postoperative. Recovery time was evaluated by two intervals: from the last bolus of anesthetic to the rejection of the tracheal tube, and until the patient’s return to sternal recumbency. The results showed that T1 had lower and more stable glucose levels, with postoperative normoglycemia (109.13 mg/dL) compared to T0’s hyperglycemia (131 mg/dL), with a significant difference (p=0.02). Additionally, T1 exhibited a significantly shorter postoperative recovery time, with times from the last bolus of Propofol to extubation (p=0.003) and from the end of anesthesia to sternal recumbency (p=0.0005) being shorter than T0. These findings suggest that the administration of maltodextrin before surgery stabilizes glucose levels and improves postoperative recovery time in canines undergoing OFH.Item Efecto de adición de agua de coco centrifugado en diluyente comercial como potenciador de la calidad seminal en caninos post refrigerado(2024-08) Romero Rosero, Luis Fernando; Aragadvay Yungan, Ramon GonzaloThe objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of adding 5% and 10% centrifuged coconut water (CCA) to a commercial diluent as an enhancer of postchilled canine seminal quality. Three treatments were evaluated: T0 (semen+diluter), T1 (semen+diluent+5%ACC) and T2 (semen+diluent+10%ACC), the variables measured were macroscopic (volume, color/opacity, pH) in fresh semen, microscopic in post-chilled semen (concentration, mobility mass, individual mobility, vitality and morphology) and complementary tests: Host Test and Acrosome Integrity Test and were analyzed in three times 24, 72 and 120 hours, the extender was mixed with the semen in a proportion of 2:1, The coconut water was previously filtered through Whatman No. 4 filter paper and centrifuged and added to the mixture of the diluent and ejaculated semen obtained from the cross-breed canine under study. The results were as follows: average volume of ejaculated semen was 5.83 mL, whitish color, and pH of 6.00, sperm concentration (millions of sperm/mL) between 227.00 x106- 288.83 x106, there was a significant difference in T1 at 24 hours in the variables mass mobility, individual mobility, vitality, morphology, Host Test , Acrosome integrity test with values of 66.67%, 78.33%, 82.50% and 83.33%, 70.00%, 42.50% respectively, which means that they showed the best percentages in each of these variables. Concluding that the addition of 5% of centrifuged coconut water to the extender and ejaculated semen maintains refrigerated canine semen quality up to 24 hours postcooling, unlike the variable integrity of the acrosome, which is drastically affected by the lack of use of cryoprotectants to the experiment.Item Evaluación pronóstica de la reacción inmunohistoquímica del Ki- 67 en neoplasias mamarias de caninos (Canis lupus familiaris)(2024-08) Rivera Lascano, Daysi Nayeli; Lozada Ortiz, Jenny PiedadThe present study was designed to determine the prognostic value of the Ki-67 proliferation index in canine mammary neoplasms and its relationship with the histological degree of malignancy. The retrospective study was carried out at the Laboratories of the Technical University of Ambato, with 20 tumor samples obtained by incisional and excisional biopsies from female canine patients who attended the Veterinary Center, framed from May 2023 - May 2024. Of the twenty samples, 75% were obtained from entire females and 25% from sterilized females. The neoplasms were classified according to their histopathological degree of malignancy and compared with an immunohistochemical study that included a cell count to determine the Ki-67 proliferation index. All cases evaluated were malignant neoplasms, the histopathological grading showed the following distribution: 55% grade I (11T), 40% grade II (8T), 5% grade III (1T). Regarding the Ki-67 proliferation index, the MIB-1 antibody was used, which has proven to be one of the most used with this antigen due to its high specificity, the result was expressed as a percentage of positive cells: on a scale of 1-9%, 10 patients entered corresponding to 50%, from 10-30% there were 9 patients representing 45% and >30%, 1 patient representing 5%. When relating the Ki- 67 proliferation index with the histological grade of malignancy, a statistically significant response was obtained (P = 0.0078) which indicates that the higher the histopathological grade, the higher the Ki-67 index. These results suggest that, when performing a histopathological study, it should be complemented with an immunohistochemical study of Ki-67 to have a better diagnosis and to know the prognosis of each patient to apply an appropriate treatment.Item Evaluación del aceite esencial de valeriana (Valeriana officinalis) en la reducción de estrés en caninos domésticos durante la consulta(2024-08) Gavilánez Lalaleo, Erika Johanna; Kelly Alvear, Gerardo EnriqueInnovative therapeutic alternatives, such as aromatherapy, are emerging as promising solutions to mitigate indicators of distress. Nowadays, pet owners are not only concerned with their pets' physical health but also with their emotional well-being, highlighting the importance of implementing methods that not only treat medical conditions but also enhance the overall veterinary care experience for animals. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of valerian essential oil (Valeriana officinalis) in reducing stress in dogs during veterinary consultations. The study was conducted at the Pet's Home Veterinary Clinic located in Ambato, Tungurahua Province, with a sample of 33 dogs in optimal health conditions, distributed into three groups of 11 patients. The treatments administered through environmental diffusers were: T1 with 2% valerian essential oil, T2 with 4% valerian essential oil, and a control group T0 (placebo). Stress signs were observed through behavioral assessments evaluating the following variables: posture, ears, lips, breathing, activity, and vocalization using an ethogram, along with blood tests to measure cortisol levels before and after aromatherapy. In terms of stress signs, there were significant differences in posture, ears, breathing, and activity; however, no significant differences were found in lips and activity. Additionally, a higher number of relaxed patients was reported with T2. The study results revealed a reduction in cortisol levels after exposure to valerian essential oil, which was validated by a t-test with a p-value of 0.000 (< 0.05). Therefore, valerian essential oil in aromatherapy is effective in reducing stress in dogs, improving their well-being during veterinary consultationsItem Evaluación de tres ciclos en diálisis peritoneal intermitente mediante la medición de nitrógeno ureico sanguíneo (BUN) y creatinina en caninos hiperazotémicos(2024-08) Arcos Pazmiño, María Emilia; Lozada Salcedo, Euclides EfraínThe study evaluated the efficacy of different intermittent peritoneal dialysis cycles (7, 14, and 21) in hyperazotemic canines by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels. Dialysis was performed on 9 dogs aged between 8 and 14 years, including both females and males. Four of them had chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages I and II, while the rest were in stages III and IV according to the IRIS scale. Results showed a significant reduction in BUN (p=0.0001) with increasing cycles, achieving a urea reduction ratio (URR) of 75% with 21 cycles, exceeding 50% with 14 cycles, and reaching 30% with 7 exchanges. Although the creatinine reduction ratio (CRR) was less consistent and not statistically significant (p=0.0795), it showed a tendency to decrease with more cycles. The study concluded that peritoneal dialysis is effective in reducing BUN in canines with chronic renal failure, especially with a higher number of cycles, although it is not recommended in advanced stages (III-IV) of the disease. However, with multiple exchanges, albumin levels should be carefully monitored. The research revealed that, with an increase in the number of IPD cycles, albumin levels decreased significantly in 77.77% of patients, consistent with other studies reporting severe hypoalbuminemia during treatment.Item Evaluación de la eficacia in vitro del aceite esencial de romero (Rosmarinus officinalis) como control natural de pulgas en caninos domésticos (Canis lupus familiaris)(2024-08) Aguilar Zapata, Jordi Pau; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos LuisIn the field of human health, pest control has always been very important both in the care of crops and in the fact that they become one of the main factors of disease transmission, with the flea becoming an important vector for the transmission and how to trigger many diseases. Due to this problem, a countless number of insecticides have been created, which due to constant and misuse have created fleas resistant to them, for this reason, this research seeks to evaluate the in vitro effectiveness of rosemary essential oil (Rosmarinus officinalis ) as a natural control of fleas in domestic canines (Canis lupus familiaris). 90 fleas were collected using the fine comb technique, which were subjected to different rosemary treatments (1%, 2%, 4%, 8%) as well as a positive control (Fipronil) and a negative control (distilled water). The fleas were identified as Ctenocephalides felis, based on the morphological characteristics of the head and antennae. In relation to the effectiveness of rosemary oil, it was found that the mortality rate increased with increasing concentration. The highest mortality rate was obtained when rosemary essential oil was used at a concentration of 8%, reaching 50% after 1 hour of application and after 24 and 48 hours mortality reached 100%. Based on the results, it is suggested to carry out in vivo effectiveness evaluations to determine its safety on dogs.