Maestría en Química

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Estudio cinético y termodinámico de la adsorción de sulfanilamida sobre alofán sintético
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) Segovia Tello, Lissette Alejandra; Silva Yumi, Jorge Efrén
The presence of emerging compounds, mainly antibiotics, in surface water, groundwater, drinking water and wastewater is the result of continuous incorporation through different anthropogenic activities, the inability of the treatment process in water systems for human consumption and inadequate final disposal. The identification of these compounds has raised environmental concern due to the potential risk they cause, since antibiotics, because of their physicochemical characteristics, are difficult to remove and therefore accumulate in their original form or metabolites, generating problems of aquatic ecotoxicity, negative effects on biota and human health. An alternative for the removal of these compounds is adsorption, which is a fast, economical method that does not generate toxic by-products and is carried out with solid adsorbent materials such as allophane, zeolite, activated carbon, among others. In the present work, the adsorption capacity of sulfanilamide on synthetic allophane was determined through the batch adsorption method and fixedbed column chromatography, where correlations between sulfanilamide concentrations, allophane doses and pH were performed. Synthetic allophane nanoparticles with an average diameter of 40.35 nm were obtained through the coprecipitation method using sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)3) salts, characterization was performed by Uv-vis spectroscopy, IR and SEM. Adsorption studies performed by batch system and quantified by UV-vis spectroscopy determined that from 8 mg L -1 of sulfanilamide at pH 7 and 13 a maximum adsorption of 2.11% and 2.82% respectively, with 5 mg of allophane and at slightly acidic pH 5.6 a maximum adsorption of 4.43% is given with 100 mg of allophane and by the fixed bed column method at pH 5.6 a 15% adsorption was generated with 1000 mg of allophane.
Análisis del proceso de remoción de sulfuro por distintos métodos en aguas residuales de la planta de tratamiento Mollepamba de la EP-EMAPA-A
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) Pérez Fernández, Paola Cristina; Jordán Hidalgo, Edison Patricio
The Mollepamba wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the Public Company EMAPAA presents problems regarding the amount of sulfides contained in the water that is discharged into the Pachanlica river. When analyzing the physicochemical parameters required by the TULSMA regulation, I know that the treatment maintained by the WWTP is not enough because it increases the sulfide load, exceeding the allowed limit (0.5mg / L). As a solution, three different methodologies were analyzed: aeration, advanced oxidation (H2O2) and coagulation (PAC). Each methodology was applied considering different mixing times, concentrations and speed. As results of the experimentation, it is concluded that the aeration technique achieves a sulfide elimination of 12%; oxidation 33% and coagulation 91%. The best option involves the use of the coagulant with a dosage of 150 mg / L and a mixing speed of 300 rpm, conditions that favor the attraction of loads to give rise to sedimentation and removal of the contaminant. The application of the aforementioned treatment reduced the sulfide load from 0.337 to 0.03mg / L, adjusting to the regulations. Finally, the research shows that the applied methodologies do not have a considerable effect on temperature and pH since their variation is minimal.
Efecto de las actividades antrópicas sobre las características fisicoquímicas del rio Ambato
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) Garcés Alvear, María Fernanda; Pérez Aldaz, Lander Vinicio
The objective of the research is to determine the effect of anthropic activities on the physicochemical characteristics of the Ambato River, through quality parameters that allow estimating the level of contamination of the river, for this a sampling network and monitoring plan were established in two phases, carried out in 2020 and 2021, taking 10 monitoring points along the micro-basin of the river, starting with the Marcopamba sector (high slope area) to the Viñas sector (low slope area). The evaluation of the physicochemical characteristics was carried out under standard methods, considering the maximum permissible limits of the Environmental Quality Regulation (TULSMA), in turn, the contamination was evaluated through the NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) and finally the data were correlated by means of an Anova statistical analysis. The results of the measurements of physicochemical parameters were found above the permissible limit, highlighting the highest values in dissolved oxygen (8,4 and 7,6 mg/L), turbidity (118 and 193 NTU), phosphates (2,1 and 0,9 mg/L), color (94 and 144), suspended solids (284 and 958 mg/L), heavy metals such as cadmium (> 0.02 mg/L), nickel (> 2 mg/L), lead (7,4 and 6,5 mg/L), magnesium (> 2 mg/L). From the foregoing, a regular and poor water quality was estimated in the different sampled areas, most affected by different anthropic factors, mainly domestic and industrial water discharges. Finally, this made it possible to indicate a progressive deterioration of the Ambato River in an annual period, in addition to suggesting constant evaluations of the quality of the water resource. waters.
Evaluación de la cinética de adsorción de fluoruro de agua natural mediante un lecho fluidizado de hidroxiapatita de calcio
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) Tirado Poveda, Hugo Marcelo; Córdova Suárez, Manolo Alexander
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A fluidized bed with calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) has been designed to reduce the concentration of fluorides in the natural water of the Totoras sector where fluoride concentrations in natural water exceed on average 3 mg/L F-, through the principle of ion exchange, the kinetics of fluoride adsorption on the solid matrix of commercial PAH was determined following an experimental design 2 at k=3, where by means of the response optimization analysis, the best treatment conditions were identified with a result of 0,83 ± 0, 02 mg/L F- of adsorbate in solution, after three days of treatment with a PAH load of 70 percent or 63 kg at a constant water flow of 2 L/min, indicating a maximum removal efficiency of 75.77 perecent, for which this treatment was adjusted to the linear model of the Langmuir Isotherm to be able to scale up the process to higher flow rates, For this purpose, the linear parameters of the Langmuir model were obtained with values of qmax of 1.15 mg of adsorbate per kg of adsorbent for a binding factor K of 2,76 liters of solution per kilogram of adsorbent.
Incremento de la solubilidad de la curcumina extraída de la Cúrcuma longa L con mecanismos físicos y mecánicos.
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) Moya Castillo, Erika Vanessa; López Hernández, Orestes Darío
The low availability of curcumin is a limiting factor to take advantage of its bioactive properties, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, among others. New alternatives to allow insoluble compounds in aqueous media to increase their solubility through a nanoemulsion are efficient proposals because nanoemulsions can rapidly transfer the active principles they possess, a characteristic that makes them ideal for industrial, pharmaceutical, biotechnological, and food applications. Obtaining curcumin from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. was possible with solid-liquid extraction, using ethanol as a solvent due to its chemical affinity with curcumin (liposoluble phytochemical compound). The solvent concentration, the ratio of plant matter to solvent volume (m/v), temperature, and contact time were the factors considered for the extraction. Based on the results of statistical analysis, were established as optimal conditions: ethanol concentration (95 %), m/v ratio (1:8), temperature (80 °C), and time (90 minutes), to optimize the extraction process and obtain an extract (EMC73) with 22.72 % curcumin. The nanoemulsion formulation consisted of a mixture of curcumin extract with Tween 80 and vegetable oil, proportions established according to the proposed experimental design, taking into account the constant agitation factor so that the components interact adequately. The treatment that presented the highest percentage of transmittance 87.58 % had a composition of 45 % extract-Tween 80 mixture, 35 % vegetable oil, and 20 % water, considering that as the transmittance of a sample increases, the size of the particles in suspension decreases. Tween 80 and Eumulgin CO 40 were used as non-ionic emulsifiers to guarantee the stability, solubility, and emulsifying effect of the nanoemulsion, considering the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB). When measuring the absorbance of the samples to test the solubility of the nanoemulsion in aqueous medium, 0.14 absorbance was obtained, which is a direct relationship of the curcumin concentration of the nanoemulsion dissolved in aqueous medium
Incidencia del suelo para la bioacumulación de Cadmio en la almendra de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) de dos variedades Fino de Aroma y CCN51 cultivadas en el cantón Santa Clara provincia de Pastaza
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) Guevara Uvidia, Mario Germánico; Briceño Carrasquel, Jorge Alexander
Ecuador ranks fourth in world cocoa production and currently a problem for farmers is the bioaccumulation of Cadmium in soil and in cocoa crops. The objective was to analyze the incidence of the soil for the bioaccumulation of cadmium in the cocoa beans of two varieties cultivated in one of the farms of the Santa Clara Canton, Pastaza province. An experimental investigation was applied where physicochemical tests were developed in soils and in cocoa beans, a comparative analysis where the results achieved were related to the official Mexican soil standards and the European Union (EU) regulation for cadmium in cocoa. The characterization results in the sampled soils presented a “loamy sand” texture, pH values classified as “moderately acidic”, organic matter content in the soil where the CCN51 variety is grown presented a “high class” organic carbon content while that the soil where the Fino de Aroma variety was cultivated was classified in the “middle class” category, the minerals in the soil were determined as “high class” and the cadmium level presented a concentration that classifies them with a “normal level”. For the results obtained in the cocoa beans of the two varieties sampled, the cadmium content presented concentrations lower than 0.80 mg / kg obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a graphite oven. Finally, it was concluded that the cadmium concentrations of the two cocoa varieties did not exceed the levels established by the European Union and, according to the statistical analyzes carried out, it was found that the cadmium concentration in the soils did not present any correlation with the cadmium concentration. in the sampled cocoa beans.
Extracción de celulosa a partir de la especie Calamagrostis Intermedia para la preparación de compuestos semisintéticos
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química mención Química - Física, 2021) Manzano Vela, Dennis Renato; Novillo Logroño, Fernando Augusto
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this research work was to extract cellulose from the Calamagrostis intermedia species for the preparation of semisynthetic compounds. The plant species was collected in the Cóndor Sabana sector, of the Urbina parish, belonging to the Guano canton in the province of Chimborazo at an altitude of 4140 m a.s.l. The taxonomic identification of the sample was confirmed in the QAP Herbarium of the Central University of Ecuador. The collected sample was dried, ground and sieved, after these processes the particle sizes of 106 μm and 300 μm were identified. By means of a solid-liquid extraction, the percentage of cellulose of 48.80 percent and 48.06 percent was determined for the samples with sizes of 106 μm and 300 μm. The extracted cellulose showed variations in color and the wave numbers of the characteristic functional groups were identified in the FTIR analysis. The molecular weight of the isolated cellulose is 292.83 x 103 g / mol (106 μm) and 419.15 x 103 g / mol (300 μm) determined by the viscometric method. The cellulose extracted in both cases is of the β type. The semisynthetic compounds prepared were cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate, and their FTIR analysis, optimal microscopy and molecular weight results are in agreement with those reported in the literature. The results highlight the feasibility of cellulose extraction and subsequent synthesis of semisynthetic polymers. In both samples there was a complete delignification during cellulose extraction, however, it can be seen that the variation in oxygen content prevented the correct bleaching in the 300 μm sample. Based on the exposed results, it is recommended for further studies the analysis of different particle sizes of the raw material to establish the influence on the performance of cellulose isolation.
Evaluación de la estabilidad oxidativa del aceite de chía (salvia hispanica l.) Obtenido por prensado a diferentes concentraciones de a-tocoferol como antioxidante
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) Guayta Guaita, Irma Janeth; Briceño Carrasquel, Jorge Alexander
Chia oil has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3); a characteristic highly valued for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases; the presence of these fatty acids causes a high chemical reactivity, so it is prone to oxidative transformations and isomerization; oxidative rancidity is one of the most important reactions of fatty acids, resulting in the loss of its nutritional value and shelf life of the oil. For this purpose, it was proposed to evaluate the oxidative stability of chia oil obtained by cold pressing at different concentrations of αtocopherol; to determine the oxidative stability of chia oil, 5 samples were prepared, TC 0% of Vitamin E and the T1, T2, T3, T4 with 0,025 %, 0,05%, 0,075 % and 0,10% of antioxidant respectively; demonstrating in the present study that T2 with 0,05% antioxidant is the best treatment to prolong the shelf life of chia oil, obtaining an estimated 264,395 days for its conservation and commercialization; Subsequently, the oil was stored at room temperature (15°C) for 15 months, after which time the fatty acids of the oil were quantified with 0,05% of alpha-tocopherol, obtaining as a result (17,71±0,07) % of linoleic acid and (65,03±0,19) % of linolenic acid and finally the physical-chemical tests were carried out, such as the percentage of humidity with (0,176±0,004) %, pH with (3,883±0,015) %, acidity indexes with (0,465±0,005) % and peroxide with (5,543±0,004) %; thus acquiring a product of excellent quality and suitable for human consumption.
Evaluación de la biomasa residual agrícola de los cultivos de papa (Solanum tuberosum), maíz (Zea mays) y tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum) como recurso energético renovable en la Provincia de Tungurahua
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) López Villacis, Isabel Cristina; Pérez Aldás, Lander Vinicio
At present, the generation of renewable energy has become a great tool of the first order for the sustainable development of our society, the use of agricultural biomass stands out as a respectful and friendly process with the environment. Worldwide, a great variety of forest, agricultural residues are generated: this situation opens up a great possibility for the use of these residues in the form of biomass and reinforces the need to evaluate and analyze each of these resources both materially and energetically. The objective of this research work is to energetically evaluate the agricultural residual biomass of potato (Solanum tuberosum), corn (Zea mays), and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) crops as a renewable resource in the Province of Tungurahua. As a first step, a prospection of the crops with the greatest relevance in terms of the biomass residues generated was established. The project provided a database in which its energy characteristics were analyzed for each crop: calorific value, amount of biomass to calculate the energy potential, and a proximal analysis was also carried out (humidity, ash, volatile compounds and fixed carbon). The type research used was experimental, a field and laboratory work were carried out, where each test was out in triplicate. This project is considered as an initiative to obtain clean energy and in this way to obtain additional income for farmers who, in addition to marketing their products, can obtain additional income from the agricultural residues generated in their crops, especially from potato, corn and tomato crops of trees considered as the crops with the highest production in Tungurahua.
Estudio de los procesos de degradación y transformación del material vegetal en los embalses hidroeléctricos de Agoyán y Pisayambo que generan metano (CH4) y dióxido de carbono (CO2)
(2021) Sánchez Moreno, Hugo Javier; Pérez Aldás, Lander Vinicio
In the present project, the study of the degradation and transformation processes of plant material in the hydroelectric reservoirs of Agoyán and Pisayambo that generate methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) was evaluated. Field sampling and laboratory analysis were carried out to establish the geographical, geophysical and biochemical aspects of the reservoirs, with the aim of establishing the gas flows of interest (methane and carbon dioxide) and determining the correct methodology by applying mathematical models. Three methods were used for the estimation of methane and carbon dioxide gases in the mentioned reservoirs, the first is by on-site determination using a personal PID gas monitor (RKI-GX-6000) with the help of a floating static chamber, the second The method included the application of an IPCC mathematical model using the organic matter obtained from the sediment of the reservoirs as a variable, and the third technique is through a simple modeling by direct estimation using the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) as a variable. In addition, a significant regression equation for methane emissions was found in order to contribute in the long term to the Agoyán and Pisayambo Hydroelectric Plants. The results found in this study indicate that the methane emissions generated in the Agoyán and Pisayambo reservoirs report a maximum value of 3,0 × 10 tons / year respectively, while carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere report values of 136 and 239 tons / year, indicating that in the Pisayambo reservoir there is more pollution than in the Agoyán reservoir due to emissions of methane and carbon dioxide. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed using Levene's test to assess normality and equality of variances, and the results were confirmed using Tukey's test.
Efecto de las causas antropogénicas en la eutrofización en las hidroeléctricas de Agoyán y Pisayambo
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Muyón Rivera, Carlos Andrés; Álvarez Calvache, Fernando Cayetano
In the present work we studied the relationship between anthropogenic sources and eutrophication in the reservoirs of the Agoyán and Pisayambo hydroelectric plants and their influence on biomass biodegradation and nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes. For this purpose, field sampling and laboratory analysis were carried out to establish the geographic, geophysical and biochemical aspects of the reservoirs, with the objective of establishing the nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in order to estimate the influence of anthropogenic sources in the Agoyán and Pisayambo reservoirs. The zones where both reservoirs are located were evaluated to determine possible anthropogenic sources that influence the eutrophication process. Samples were taken in the littoral zone and in the deepest zone of the reservoirs to characterize the main parameters that influence biodegradation in the reservoirs within the water-sediment zone (NO3-, PO43-, chlorophyll, % of organic matter, pH, temperature, conductivity). The results found in this study indicate that the phosphate flows in the reservoirs reported values of 0.4838 mg/L in the Pisayambo reservoir and 0.4988 mg/L in the Agoyán reservoir, these values are outside the permissible limits. The nitrogen content in the Agoyán and Pisayambo reservoirs is not preponderant and has average values of 0.238 mg/L and 0.200 mg/L, respectively. The statistical analysis using Levene's test showed that there is a significant relationship between phytoplankton production and the fluxes of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter in the Agoyán and Pisayambo Hydroelectric plants. Finally, the influence of anthropogenic sources on the degree of eutrophication in the zones of influence of the Agoyán and Pisayambo hydroelectric plants was established.
Remoción de cromo hexavalente en aguas residuales a partir de tratamientos electroquímicos en la empresa Tenería Núñez
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Morales León, Vanessa Belén; Pérez Aldás, Lander Vinicio
Hexavalent chromium is a highly toxic metal and is considered one of the pollutants with the greatest environmental impact. The electro oxidative system with titanium mesh electrodes was applied as a feasible alternative in the wastewater treatment of Tenería Núñez. Specifically, the activities developed in this research establish as an initial stage the design and construction of an electrolytic cell, where the indirect anodic oxidation process was carried out, giving rise to the generation of oxidizing radicals, which will be found in the form of bubbles that reduce the hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) of the wastewater by a bubbling process with oxygen particles produced in the electrolysis process. The method of Cr (VI) content quantification applies visible spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 540 nanometers (nm). The variables applied varied the electrochemical reaction time (30 minutes, 60 minutes and 120 minutes) and electrical voltage (5, volts, 10 volts and 20 volts), as the time and electrical voltage were higher the percentage of Cr (VI) removal increased. The removal of Cr (VI) improved when the electrolysis time was 120 minutes and the electrical voltage was 20 volts in the treatments used. The research evaluated the removal capacity of Cr (VI) from oxidation with oxygen bubbles as a secondary wastewater treatment process so that the removal efficiency of this parameter substantially decreases the toxicity of this analyte.
Efecto de la temperatura y el número de frituras sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos de diferentes aceites comestibles
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Villacrés Pérez, Mario Danilo; Córdova Suárez, Manolo Alexander
Nowadays, frying is a common method to prepare foods such as French fries, snacks, among others; where the use of vegetable oils is indispensable, since they act as a means of heat transfer to the food at temperatures between 150°C and 200°C, in which the different factors of this process, added to the characteristics of the oils themselves can cause transformations of the lipids that make them up, giving rise to toxic compounds, typical of mechanisms such as oxidation and hydrolysis, which can negatively affect the health of the consumer. Because of this, it was proposed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, the effect of frying temperature on acidity, and the fatty acid profile at different temperatures and number of fryings of three edible oils of vegetable origin: Soybean (Glycine max), Chia (Salvia hispanica) and Sesame (Sesamum indicum L; for which 21 oil samples were obtained: 18 samples from 3 frying processes of potato (free potato variety) (stick form), at temperatures of 150 and 180°C; and 3 samples of the crude oils. These samples were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics before and after the frying processes, resulting in the best treatment in terms of the lowest refractive index and peroxide value for the soybean oil at 180°C, with averages of 1.47053 and 2.54667, respectively. Similarly, the acidity changes presented by the oils at frying temperature conditions were determined, obtaining the best treatment for soybean oil at 150°C, with an acid index value of 0.11. Finally, the determination of the fatty acid profile of each oil after the treatments of # of frying and frying temperatures, gave the best treatment, in terms of a higher % of polyunsaturated fatty acids for the Chia oil with an average value of 50%, demonstrating also that the factors # of frying and temperatures affect the acid profile of the oils for the conditions of this study.
SÍNTESIS DE ÉSTERES USANDO COMO FUENTE ALTERNA DE ENERGÍA MICROONDAS PARA SU POSIBLE USO COMO LUBRICANTE
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Álvarez Chacón, Jonathan André; Novillo Logroño, Fernando Augusto
In this study, lubricant bases synthesized by the esterification reaction of castor oil with different alcohols and two different types of heating were obtained, since some principles of green chemistry were considered to obtain non-polluting products. The reaction was carried out with a time of 2 hours, a temperature of 90°C and a minimum amount of acid catalyst. An experimental design was established based on previous studies in triplicate, to determine important physicochemical properties such as relative density, boiling point, pour point, kinematic viscosity and viscosity index based on the Ecuadorian technical standard NTE INEN 2029:2013; in addition, the oxidation onset temperature was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and characterized by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. It was determined that the lubricant bases from 1-octanol alcohol have a higher oxidation onset temperature than the others, and its value is like that of a commercial 5W40 oil, highlighting that the lubricant base is thermally stable at large temperature changes
Síntesis y caracterización de compuestos biomimeticos de molibdeno con ligantes nitrogenados polidentados
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Salazar Santana, Oscar Gonzalo; Saucedo Vázquez, Juan Pablo
The efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems is limited due to low nutrient availability. For plants, nitrogen (N) availability is one of the main limiting factors in crop yield. Denitrification is the most important process for the nitrogen cycle, since it returns the nitrogen fixed to the atmosphere by microbial respiration processes, it also involves the assimilatory reduction of nitrite to convert it into ammonium and incorporate it into cell metabolism. Therefore, in this work three ligands (L1, L2, L3) were synthesized from the reaction between an amine and an aldehyde, these ligands were reacted with bis(acetylacetonate) dioxomolybdenum (VI) as a source of molybdenum. As a result of these reactions, three compounds were obtained (Mo-L1, Mo-L2, Mo-L3) which were synthesized with the aim of obtaining a coordination compound that presents a metal center with available electrons and a labile ligand that can be easily substituted. In the characterization, spectroscopy techniques were used to identify strain and stress vibrational bands, specific to the different functional groups, the magnetic characteristics of the complexes were obtained, as well as the redox potentials were determined by means of electrochemical techniques. By means of the characterization it was possible to determine the compound that presented the expected characteristics for a biomimetic molybdenum compound with polydentate ligands. The Mo-L3 complex in the IR (infrared spectroscopy) characterization presented vibrational bands at 894 and 914 cm-1 characteristic of a Mo = O bond, in the UV-Vis (Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy) characterization it did not present any electronic transition signal, which proved that a coordination complex was obtained with a Molybdenum metallic center with oxidation state VI, Therefore, an EPR (Electron paramagnetic resonance) analysis was performed with this complex to verify the initial oxidation state of Molybdenum, and to demonstrate that by adding an electric potential, it is possible to obtain a complex with a Molybdenum species in oxidation state V.
Determinación de la incidencia de la composición lipídica y bromatológica de la carne de res y cerdo comercializada en la provincia de Tungurahua
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Delgado Ramos, Andrea Verónica; Pérez Aldás, Lander Vinicio
Meat is a product in high demand in the Ecuadorian market, providing important nutrients in the human diet, such as protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. However, despite the benefits it provides, some research has limited its consumption due to its high fat content and because it is considered a precursor of cardiovascular diseases and obesity. The objective of this research was to determine the incidence of the bromatological, and lipid composition of beef and pork marketed in the Province of Tungurahua. On analyzing the beef, 74.96 ± 5.97% moisture; 4.03 ± 0.97% ash; 0.99 aw; 6.24 ± 0.45 pH; and 10.70 ± 6.44% total fat were determined. Similarly, the analysis of the pork meat showed a moisture content of 69.50 ± 7.50%; 3.89 ± 1.17% ash; 0.99 in aw; 6.36 ± 0.26 in pH; and 33.15 ± 5.29%. As for the lipid profile, in beef, palmitic acid (37.44%); stearic acid (11.37%); oleic acid (38.95%); palmitoleic acid (2.62%); linoleic acid (7.11%); and linolenic acid (3.57%) were identified. In pork, palmitic acid (32.51%); stearic acid (10.02%); oleic acid (46.60%); palmitoleic acid (2.62%); linoleic acid (8.13%) and linolenic acid (0.64%) were found. Finally, the nutritional quality indexes obtained were saturation index (0.219 for beef and 0.202 for pork) and the atherogenicity index (0.729 for beef and 0.622 for pork). Therefore, the meats analyzed had an acceptable water composition, they are DFD meats, with high ash and lipid content, although they have a high content of FAs, they also report an important composition of FAp.
Síntesis de un polímero compostable a partir de almidón, como una alternativa para preparar plásticos de primer uso
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Yagos Arias, Carlos Jeanpier; Novillo Logroño, Fernando Augusto
Single-use plastics have become a global problem. The alternative to these plastics are compostable polymers. The objective of the present study was to develop compostable polymers from starch from green (Musa paradisíaca) peel using the dry method. The native starch obtained is a viable and low-cost source for obtaining compostable and biodegradable polymers. Biopolymers were elaborated, keeping constant the amount of acetic acid of 29.4 g and 80 g of water, by means of a 2 factorial experimental design at k=3, formed by 3 factors and 2 levels of study. The most significant factors in obtaining the films were: mass ratio of starch to hydroxyethylcellulose and amount of glycerin. The yield was 69.63% for the synthesis of the biopolymers synthesized at a temperature of 80°C, with a mass ratio of starch to hydroxyethylcellulose of 1:4 and an amount of glycerin of 40.32 g. In addition, the biopolymers were characterized by FTIR, TGA and DSC techniques in physicochemical properties such as thickness, moisture and solubility. In the tests, solubility was found to be between 10% and 17% with humidity between 9% and 37%. To conclude this study, their degree of compostability was evaluated according to the ASTM D 6400 standard, which determined that they are compostable polymers.
Caracterización de plantas amazónicas con actividad antiofídica por análisis químico
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Moreno Ávila, Andrés Sebastián; Salazar Mogollón, Gabriela
The purpose of this research work was aimed to analyze and identify the metabolic compounds present in the species Urospatha sagittifolia (Rudge) Schott (formerly Dracontium), for which the plant species was collected in the Monte Alegre sector of the rural parish of Puerto Misahuallí, belonging to the canton Tena located in the province of Napo at an altitude of 460.6 m.a.s.l. The taxonomic identification of the sample was confirmed in the INABIO Herbarium in the city of Quito. The collected sample was dried, its size was minimized and it was taken to solid-liquid extraction and maceration for several days with different solvents such as: water, methanol, hexane and chloroform. After these processes, the pertinent chemical analyses were carried out, as well as phytochemical screening, which presented a coloration and a precipitate to give a positive result for each of the tests, respectively, following the appropriate methodology. Consequently, quantification was carried out in UV-vis spectrophotometry by means of the Folin-ciocalteu Reagent, giving results expressed as 0.1 mg of Gallic acid measured at 755 nm (Phenolic Compounds) and 0.25 mg of catechin at 510 nm (Flavonoids). Finally, the Uplc-QToF analysis was performed for the compounds with the highest antivenom affinity such as polyphenols and flavonoids, thus obtaining secondary metabolites with their respective spectral information in positive and negative ionization, giving metabolomic groups such as: saponins, alkaloids, anthocyanins, coumarins, phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids.
Desarrollo de una membrana a base de fibra de cabuya (furcraea andina) recubierta con nanopartículas de plata y evaluación de su actividad antimicrobiana frente a Staphylococcus aureus y pyogenes
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Logroño Veloz, Mayra Alexandra; Silva Yumi, Jorge Efrén
The advancement of nanotechnology during the last decades has allowed great progress in various fields, including health sciences and the application of green chemistry. The objective of the present work was to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles in solution and supported on a plant membrane of cabuya (Furcraea andina), in turn, to measure their antimicrobial activity. In situ synthesis was carried out by wet chemistry method using common and King mandarin peel extracts as a reducing agent, and the levels of concentration, temperature, and immersion times of the cabuya fibers were evaluated. The colloids were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy providing an average wavelength range between 430 to 450 nm. The optimal concentration of the precursor reagent was 0.0025 M Ag NO3 and as a reducing agent, 5% of the aqueous extract of mandarin peel of the common variety or 3% of the King variety. The characterization of the surface was carried out by means of SEM, EDX and FT-IR microscopy. The process allowed obtaining a material with silver nanoparticles that exhibit antimicrobial activity with medium sensitivity against Staphylococcus aureus and pyogenes.
Obtención de coagulantes/ floculantes orgánicos a partir de extractos naturales y evaluación de su potencial como coadyuvante en el proceso de tratamiento de agua
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Poveda Ocaña, Rebeca Abigail; Villasana Aguilera, Yanet Tibaire
The scarcity of drinking water in several countries and areas represents a problem on a global scale, where conventional methods with polyaluminum chloride are used in the coagulation and flocculation processes in water treatment. These processes generate residual sludge, which may contain high levels of aluminum and cause harm to humans and the environment. It is currently important to generate new ecological and easily accessible alternatives to improve water quality. For this reason, the purpose of this research was to obtain organic coagulants, and to evaluate their usefulness as a coadjuvant for polyaluminum chloride in the water treatment process. The project was developed through biomass extraction processes, which was evaluated through partial- total substitution tests and physical-chemical analyzes of the water samples treated with this chemical-organic combination. The results were processed with statistical analysis tools to determine the requirements to be used as an co-adjuvant, such as: yield percentage in the extraction process, its availability in the medium, removal percentage, economic yield. Considering the current environmental regulations in the country, detailed in the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation.