Revisión bibliográfica: Factores que contribuyen a la propagación de resistencia antimicrobiana (RAM) en la fauna silvestre

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is a global challenge that impacts public health, wildlife, and natural ecosystems due to the excessive use of antibiotics in agriculture, livestock, and inadequate waste management. This study bibliographically analyzes the spread of AMR in wildlife through the interaction between environmental contamination, contact with resistant bacteria, and captivity conditions, which aims to analyze the interrelationship between environmental contamination, contact and transmission of resistant bacteria between humans, farm animals and wildlife, and conditions in captive environments, to understand how these factors significantly contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in wildlife.The methodology applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, identifying 716 articles from scientific databases, which were narrowed down to 69 relevant documents. Findings indicate that factors such as wastewater, animal manure, and the intensification of aquaculture exert selective pressure, fostering the development of resistant bacteria in wildlife and remote ecosystems. Migratory birds and marine mammals act as global vectors, while animal rehabilitation centers contribute to the dissemination of resistant bacteria under captivity conditions. The genes blaCTX-M, mecA, and mcr-1 were identified as critical in resistance propagation. It is concluded that mitigation requires interdisciplinary approaches, improvements in agricultural practices, stricter regulations on antimicrobial use, monitoring of migratory routes, and education. This comprehensive approach aims to reduce AMR dissemination and safeguard both human health and biodiversity