Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología
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Item Evaluación de la capacidad fitorremediadora del Eichhornia crassipes y Salvinia natans en aguas residuales de la PTAR Artezón -Píllaro(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Chiriboga Villagomez, Viviana Nataly; Flores Tapia, Nelly EstherThis study examines water pollution exacerbated by industrial and urban discharges, affecting the quality of water essential for agricultural irrigation and health. Therefore, the phytoremediation capacity of the species S. natans and E. crassipes in the wastewater of the Artezón Píllaro WWTP was evaluated. During the acclimatization process, both plants demonstrated their suitability for phytoremediation, achieving a reduction in COD with S. natans and E. crassipes. Treatments with different masses were applied: for E. crassipes, M1 0-500 g, M2 501-700 g, and M3 (701-800 g); and for S. natans, M1 (0-400 g), M2 (401-800 g), and M3 (801-900 g). Physicochemical and microbiological parameter analyses were performed at intervals of 0, 7, 15, 30, and 45 days, following the protocols of the Hanna manual and the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results showed that both plants reduce the levels of organic pollutants and heavy metals in the wastewater, varying according to the mass used and the type of plant. For E. crassipes, the M1 treatment showed high removal percentages in surfactants, total solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, COD, BOD, turbidity, color, chromium VI, copper, aluminum, total nitrogen, fecal coliforms, and total phosphorus. On the other hand, S. natans with the M3 treatment also showed efficient removal percentages in surfactants, total solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, COD, BOD, turbidity, color, chromium VI, copper, aluminum, total nitrogen, fecal coliforms, and total phosphorus.Item Determinación de la degradación del agua residual de los laboratorios ambientales de la Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología tratada mediante fotocatálisis (TiO2/UV)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2024-02) Guamán Chamba, Dámaris Alexandra; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe wastewater generated by the environmental analysis laboratories of educational institutions may present contaminating compounds that need to be treated. In this project, the advanced oxidation process was investigated using titanium dioxide in suspension irradiated with UVC light, to degrade organic contaminants present in wastewater from chemical determinations of the environmental analysis laboratory of the Faculty of Food Sciences and Engineering of the Technical University of Ambato. The variation of the pH of the solution, hydrogen peroxide concentration, reaction time and level of contamination of the sample was studied. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated by COD removal efficiency. The best treatment presented a COD elimination percentage of 50,33 percent at a pH of 5,6, at a concentration of 70 milligrams per liter of hydrogen peroxide and 120 minutes of exposure, in the sample pretreated by neutralization and diluted to an organic loading concentration of 300 mg COD per liter. A high removal of other contaminants was observed, such as iron, zinc, manganese and heavy metals; Additionally, a high removal of sulfates, phosphates and nitrates was achieved. The BOD5 to COD ratio of the effluent pretreated by neutralization was 0,40, while this ratio was 0,11 for the wastewater treated by photocatalysis, which indicates that after the photocatalytic treatment, oxidation byproducts that are less biodegradable than the organic components of the pretreated effluent.Item Efecto de la adición de lodos centrifugados de la PTAR – Ambato sobre el proceso de biodigestión de residuos verdes provenientes de mercados(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Cayo Almache, José Alexis; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidIn Ecuador there is no adequate waste collection system, a large amount of this waste ends up returning to the streets and rivers. The accumulation of these organic waste can generate various environmental problems if adequate treatment is not carried out. In this project, the biodigestion of organic matter from markets was studied, and the effect of the addition of centrifuged sludge from the WWTP - Ambato on the generation of biogas was identified. For this, four biodigesters were operated during the 12 weeks, which all started the same. The biodigesters initially contained the same components: inoculum (ten percent by volume), basal medium (sixty percent by volume) and liquefied green waste (thirty percent by volume). From the third week onwards, the biodigesters were fed with basal medium and green waste for the controls, while centrifuged sludge was added to the feed for the others. The analyzes showed a high concentration of nutrients in the centrifuged sludge (phosphorus, nitrogen and magnesium) that contribute to the microbiological transformation of organic matter into methane. Likewise, it was determined that the concentration of heavy metals such as chromium and cadmium, which can act as inhibitors, remained at values below the toxic threshold. However, these concentrations of heavy metals in the digestion liquor make its subsequent use as a biofertilizer difficult. Regarding biogas production, no significant difference could be observed between the control and sludge digesters.Item Evaluación de la capacidad fitorremediadora de Eichhornia crassipes y Pistia stratiotes en efluentes secundarios de industrias textiles y de curtiembre de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales Puerto Arturo (EP-EMAPA-A)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Buitrón Arellano, María de los Angeles; Flores Tapia, Nelly EstherThe growing issue of water pollution due to industrial discharges has led to an urgent need to find effective solutions in wastewater treatment plants worldwide. This study aims to investigate the phytoremediation capacity of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes in wastewater from textile and tanning industries, contributing to the improvement of the treatment process at the Puerto Arturo Wastewater Treatment Plant (EP-EMAPA-A). Experiments were conducted using the plants individually and in combination. Subsequently, physicochemical analyses of the parameters were carried out over a period of 2 months, with samples taken every 7, 15, 30, and 60 days. Wastewater was then analyzed during the decontamination process using protocols established by Hanna and Hach, adapted from the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results revealed that, individually, E. crassipes and P. stratiotes demonstrated notable abilities to remove contaminants, reaching optimal levels on the 30th day of the study. Specifically, E. crassipes excelled in the removal of turbidity, sulfates, and surfactants with percentages between 80 and 90 percent, while P. stratiotes proved effective in total suspended solids, total solids, COD, and BOD5, with percentages also ranging between 80 and 90 percent. The combination of both plants exhibited synergy only in color removal, with a percentage of 87,08 percent, although favorable results were not observed in other parameters.Item Evaluación la inhibición tóxica de Cd2+ y Cr6+ en la actividad metanogénica de un inóculo bacteriano proveniente de biosólidos del biodigestor de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Montero Vega, Lissbeth Vanessa; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe generation of sludge (biosolids) in wastewater treatment plants (PTAR) poses a problem for human health and the environment due to its high level of contamination. Treating biosolids through anaerobic digestion helps reduce contaminants while generating methane gas. However, the presence of heavy metals such as chromium or cadmium can lead to toxic inhibition and hinder the treatment process. For this reason, the objective of the project was to evaluate the toxic inhibition of cadmium (II) and chromium (VI) on the specific methanogenic activity (AME) of a bacterial inoculum derived from biosolids in Ambato's PTAR biodigester. Analytical methods were used to determine the main characteristics of the biosolids, and bioassays were conducted to monitor the AME. The results revealed that the biosolids contained contaminants such as organic matter, nutrients, and metals. Additionally, the AME of the inoculum (without the addition of metals) was 0.6 moles of methane per gram of bacterial biomass per day. The inhibitory effect caused a reduction in AME by 20, 50, and 80 percent with the addition of 15, 28.4, and 50 mg of cadmium per liter, respectively. These reductions in AME were observed for chromium (VI) with the addition of 75, 100, and 200 mg per liter, resulting in a reduction of 20, 50, and 80 percent, respectively. Finally, it was demonstrated that increasing concentrations of cadmium and chromium (VI) significantly decreased the AME, which would represent a potential risk for biosolids treatment in the PTAR.Item Evaluación de la reacción de Fenton sobre su efectividad en la remoción de materia orgánica de los efluentes de la planta de tratamiento de la curtiduría Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Montenegro Fajardo, Milena Lissette; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidTannery wastewater is a problem due to its high pollutant load, negatively affecting water quality. Its proper treatment is essential to preserve the environment. Therefore, the objective of this project is to evaluate the Fenton reaction in the removal of organic matter from the effluents of the Tungurahua tannery treatment plant, where the physicochemical properties of the residual water were characterized, followed by the identification of the optimal parameters for the Fenton process, the treatment of produced sludge and the evaluation of the biodegradability of the effluents by analyzing the ratio of BOD to COD. With which, through the Fenton reaction, a 45.3 percent COD removal was achieved, under a molar ratio of one to ten between iron and hydrogen peroxide, pH of 2.5 and a reaction time of 120 minutes, highlighting the effectiveness of the process in reducing organic matter present in the effluent, finding a ratio of 0.80 between milligrams of hydrogen peroxide and milligrams of COD. Furthermore, treatment 4 of the Fenton sludge treated with lime and cement turned out to be the most effective, complying with the established physicochemical parameters. Likewise, a favorable rate of 57.4 percent of biodegradability was found, which indicates that a significant part of the organic compounds can be decomposed by microorganisms, contributing to the improvement of environmental quality.Item Determinación de las isotermas y cinéticas de adsorción de metales pesados (Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu) sobre adsorbentes de zeolita y piroclasto volcánico para el tratamiento de aguas residuales de lavadoras automotrices del cantón Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2023-09) Arguello Rodríguez, Diter David; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidWastewater from human activity and industry mostly ends up in water effluents without any prior treatment, which exacerbates the level of contamination of this resource, these practices cause the decrease in water availability. Automotive washing machines generate high loads of hydrocarbons and heavy metals of which vehicles are composed, which is why the objective of the project was the determination of isotherms and kinetics of adsorbent materials on the wastewater of automotive washing machines in the Ambato canton. The present experimental research project consists of an analysis of adsorption isotherms on heavy metals with known initial concentrations of heavy metals, applying linear adjustment and models of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, for which the adsorption capacity of a porous material (pyroclast) and materials with a high degree of ion exchange (mordenite zeolite and cliptonilolite) was evaluated. In addition, the adsorption efficiency of the materials was verified on a sample of synthetic water (distilled water and metal) and one of matrix water (wastewater and metal cations), thus executing a simple adsorption process and a competitive adsorption system, for the preparation of samples the regulations of the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation (TULSMA) were taken as reference. Finally, it was shown that adsorbent materials can decrease the concentration of heavy metals in wastewater, removing up to 95 percent of the initial load of contaminants.Item Estudio de los criterios fisicoquímicos, microbiológicos y metales pesados en agua para consumo humano en la comunidad de Misquilli, en la parroquia de Santa Rosa, provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Lozada López, Jennifer Katherine; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe objective of this research is to characterize the water quality and determine the concentration of heavy metals in the community of Misquilli, belonging to the parish of Santa Rosa. Monitoring was carried out in May 2023, taking 6 samples along the water transport route, from its origin to the point of consumption. In addition, analyses of the physicochemical characteristics of the water were performed using the photometer for minerals and the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for heavy metals; in the microbiological analysis was performed from membrane filtration, following the allowable limits established in Annex 1 of the Environmental Quality Regulations (Table 1 TULSMA) for source water, and in Annex 2 of INEN Standard 1108:2014 for drinking water. The values obtained were interpreted by comparing them with the standards stipulated in the ordinance. Some physicochemical parameters were identified that exceeded the maximum permissible limits (MPL) in fluoride water with values between 3.7 to 4.2 milligrams per liter (MPL of 1.5 milligrams per liter INEN 1108:2014 and Table 1 TULSMA), cadmium with values 0.0032 and 0. 0046 milligrams per liter (MPL of 0.003 milligrams per liter INEN 1108:2014), free residual chlorine with values below 0.04 milligrams per liter (permissible range between 0.3 to 1.5 milligrams per liter INEN 1108:2014) and fecal coliforms with values of 15 CFU per 100 mL (MPL less than 1 CFU per 100 mL INEN 1108:2014).Item Caracterización del contenido en nutrientes y metales pesados en lodos provenientes de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Ambato (PTAR)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Sánchez Lascano, Alison Verónica; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidSustainable soil management is a priority for food production and environmental protection; therefore, sewage sludge becomes an agricultural management strategy to improve soil properties. This is the reason why, the centrifuge sludge and solidified sludge from the PTAR-Ambato were characterized based on their physicochemical characteristics (moisture content, organic matter and pH), heavy metal content (Cr, Pb, Cd, As, Co, Ni, Al) and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn). Through the maximum and minimum limits analysis, established in the current environmental regulations, the use of residual sludge in agriculture was measured. Indeed, the high content of nutrients (percentage) N, P and K with 3.05, 2.15 and 0.77 in centrifuge sludge; and 0.92, 41.27 and 1.01, in solidified sludge, respectively, make it a potential resource for nutrient recycling. However, the high moisture content (percentage) with 389.61 and 70.56, the low organic matter content (percentage) with 10.97 and 0.68 in centrifuge sludge and solidified sludge, respectively, as well as the high content of heavy metals (milligram per kilogram) such as elemental aluminum with 759.43 and hexavalent chromium with 82.68 limit their use in agriculture. In conclusion, residual sludge from the PTAR-Ambato could be stabilized before final disposal by prolonged alkalinization, composting or vermicomposting to obtain a product suitable for agriculture.Item Evaluación de la calidad del agua y determinación de metales pesados en sedimentos de la microcuenca del río Alajua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Moreano Panchi, Ana Belen; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThis study aims to evaluate the quality of surface water and determine the heavy metals in the sediments of the Alajua River micro watershed through the analysis of physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Consequently, it made a sampling campaign and determined five points in the high and low watersheds of the river. The results obtained from characterizing the water and sediment samples were analyzed with the maximum allowable limits set by Ecuadorian environmental legislation (TULSMA). In addition, parameters such as pH and conductivity are monitored at all test points, turbidity, sulfates, and nitrates in the water test, and metals in water sediments did not exceed the following limits: Al, Cd, Cr, As, and Ni. However, high concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Pb were found in the upper and lower watershed, exceeding the TULSMA limits. The results of the microbiological analysis showed total and fecal contamination at all points. The most polluted points were point 3 (200 meters below the Pungoloma-Quisapincha road), point 4, and point 5, located in the Aguaján sector. Two water quality indices, NSF and Dinius, were calculated from the data collected. The assessment of the water quality in the river with the two water indicators indicated the three points mentioned earlier to be suitable for human beings and acceptable for agricultural irrigation. In conclusion, the continuous monitoring of this micro-watershed should be constant.