Evaluación in silico de microbiomas intestinales para identificar biomarcadores específicos en enfermedades de Crohn y Celíaca usando técnicas de metagenómica comparativa

Abstract

Understanding the intestinal microbiota is crucial for advancing the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease (CDr) and Celiac disease (CD). This study employs comparative metagenomics techniques to identify specific biomarkers to differentiate these pathologies. The results highlight the relevance of microbial dysbiosis as a common factor, but also highlight significant differences in the composition and functions of the intestinal microbiota in each disease, which will advance the understanding of these pathologies, and create opportunities for the development of diagnostic tools and innovative therapies. The analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene samples, processed with the QIIME2 tool under strict sample quality criteria. In parallel, the impact of sex was evaluated by analyzing significant variations in beta microbial diversity in patients with CDr. Functional analysis performed with PICRUSt revealed specific metabolic pathways related to inflammation in CD and oxidative stress in rCD. Microbial differences observed showed an increase in Proteobacteria, along with reductions in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. In addition, biomarkers were identified in common such as, Faecalibacterium and Lachnospiraceae, and specific ones such as Alistipes in CDr and Lachnoanaerobaculum in CD. These results validate metagenomics as a tool to explore the microbiome-disease relationship, facilitating early diagnosis and the design of personalized therapies aimed at restoring microbial balance, marking a significant milestone in the development of precision medicine for inflammatory bowel diseases.