Estrategia de prevención comunitaria de enfermedades diarreicas agudas a partir de la evaluación fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua

Abstract

Acute Diarrheal Diseases (ADD) represent one of the conditions produced mainly by the consumption of contaminated water, the most affected population worldwide being children, with a higher prevalence in rural areas, where wastewater treatment is inappropriate. Human waste is discharged into open latrines, canals, and streams, or is spread on farmland. It is estimated that these diseases affect 1.5 million children annually and constitute the second cause of death in children under five years of age, with an estimated 525,000 each year. There are many underground water springs, which constitute an important source of water for human consumption and agricultural use, which are affected by the contamination caused by the nearby septic tanks that contain organic waste, animal feces or by agro-chemicals, coming from the agricultural activity which infiltrate through the soil and reach these water sources, also due to the physical conditions of the catchment points, which are not ideal in infrastructure; giving rise to the alteration of the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the water and therefore the quality of life of the people who are supplied in different ways from these deposits consider ourselves a vehicle for the transport of pathogens that cause epidemic diseases, toxic infections and gastrointestinal diseases such as amoebic dysentery, diarrhea, abdominal pain, among others. The water quality assessment is based on the determination of specific chemicals that can affect health after exposure. It is a multi-approach process that studies the physical, chemical, and biological nature of water in relation to natural quality, human and aquatic health-related effects. This research arises from the need of the community's inhabitants to have water for direct consumption or for quality agriculture. Therefore, the study of the microbiological and physicochemical quality of the spring waters is of great relevance. used by the community of San Luis to prevent causes that generate diseases of water origin and sanitary danger. Interviews were conducted with the heads of households of the community of San Luis de Mulalillo, to determine the origin, distribution, and management of water and if any member of the family had ADD in the period of 9 months of study, water samples were collected of the different strategic points in the catchment, for its analysis in the laboratory and it was determined that acute diarrheal diseases are not only due to the fecal coliforms present in the water but also to other factors that the inhabitants are exposed to. It was shown that in the parameters pH, fluorides, turbidity, nitrites, phosphates, carbonates, they are in acceptability of the environmental quality while the parameters of nitrates, residual chlorine

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and fecal coliforms exceed the maximum permissible limits, so that there could be a direct correlation with the appearance of acute diarrheal diseases in the infant and long-lived population of the community. The quality of the water of the Tunancay river slope is affected by the inadequate hygiene conditions of the homes near the river, as well as the waste of the animals that graze along the riverbanks and that the inhabitants do not take due care to that these are not close to the water springs, that is why a community prevention strategy was applied on the proper use and protocols to follow for the consumption of safe water in the population, together with the authorities and the community council and talks were established in order to prevent diarrheal diseases in the population, in addition to a proposal for them to carry out procedures inherent to the development of a necessary drinking water and sewerage project in this population. It is concluded that the water in the community of San Luis de Mulalillo is contaminated by total Colibacilli that exceed the maximum tolerable limits, as well as the presence of nitrates and residual chlorine