Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Bienestar animal y calidad de carne antes y después del faenamiento en ovinos del Camal Municipal de Ambato(2024-11) Soria Rojas Mónica Abigail; Vargas Burgos Julio CesarThe titled study addresses the relevance of animal welfare and the quality of sheep meat in the context of the Camal Municipal de Ambato, Ecuador. The growing demand for sheep meat and consumer expectations in terms of quality and animal welfare pose significant challenges for the livestock industry in the region. Evaluate animal welfare and sheep meat quality before and after slaughter to identify areas for improvement in handling and transportation practices. An observational and descriptive study was carried out, using a simple random sampling of sheep slaughtered in one month. Parameters such as body condition, live weight, carcass yield. The data were analyzed with SPSS software, applying Student t' tests and analysis of variance. The results indicate that sheep transported from greater distances and in unsuitable vehicles have higher levels of stress, reflected in a greater incidence of DFD (dark, firm and dry) meat. Furthermore, proper management practices, such as the use of effective stunning methods, positively influence meat quality and animal welfare. The study highlights the importance of implementing humane transportation and handling practices to improve animal welfare and the quality of sheep meat in the Ambato Municipal Camal. These improvements not only benefit producers and consumers, but also contribute to the sustainability and competitiveness of sheep production in the region.Item Factores de riesgo asociados a enfermedades causadas por nematodos y cestodos endoparásitos en cerdos en el Centro de Faenamiento Pelileo(2024-10) Lascano Gualpa, Rosa Obdulia; Almeida Secaira, Roberto IsmaelIncidence of internal parasites affects pig production, which not only causes significant economic losses in livestock production worldwide, but also implies a risk to the health of people involved in this type of industry and consumers of meat. of pork. Thus, the present study was carried out in order to analyze the risk factors associated with diseases caused by endoparasite nematodes and cestodes in pigs at the Pelileo Slaughter Center during the period 2023-2024. Diagnosis of parasite species was carried out following the procedures established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries with its attached entity AGROCALIDAD (Agency for Phyto and Zoosanitary Regulation and Control). The species were found: Ascaris sp. and Hyostrongylus sp. (Nematoda) and larval phase of Cisticercus tenuicollis and the hydatidic cyst (Cestoda) mainly associated with the liver of pigs. The highest prevalence was observed for Ascaris sp. infections (21.07%) followed by larvae of Echinococcus granulosus (19.73%) and Hyostrongylus sp. (5.87%), while double Ascaris-Hyostrongylus infections were relatively low (1.33%) as well as infections by hydatidic cysts (1.07%). Regarding risk factors, it was found that age was associated with the prevalence of parasites, being higher in pigs less than 1 year old. Regarding the location within the host, parasites were mainly found in organs that make up part of its biological cycle. On the other hand, no association was found with the sex of the host. According to the results, the prevalence of Ascaris and metacestods of Echinococcus seems to be related to herd management factors, however, this aspect requires investigation.Item Prevalencia de tricomoniasis en bovinos faenados en el centro de Faenamiento Municipal de Pastaza(2024-10) Zúñiga Araujo, Solange Danniela; Carrillo Álvarez, Israel SalomónBovine trichomoniasis is caused by Tritrichomonas foetus, a protozoan species with wide worldwide distribution, causing a sexually transmitted disease in cattle that causes infertility, abortion and endometritis, postcoital pyometra or fetal maceration. In the present study, the prevalence of bovine trichomoniasis in cattle slaughtered at the Pastaza municipal slaughterhouse were determined. A total of 361 samples were taken from cattle admitted to the "Pastaza Municipal Slaughterhouse" from January to April 2024 from the Pastaza, Mera and Santa Clara municipalities. From these data, information on the relationship between the prevalence of the disease and the age, sex and origin of the animal was obtained. The study was carried out through simple random sampling and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency and percentages. Additionally, the association of the variables sex, age and place of origin of the cattle with the prevalence of trichomoniasis was established through a Spearman correlation (𝜒 2 ). A general prevalence of trichomoniasis of 2.8% was found in cattle slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of Pastaza, observed only in cattle from five parishes of the Pastaza canton with a total of 10 positive cases. No association was found between the sex, age group and place of origin of the cattle and the prevalence of trichomoniasis in this study. Given the importance of trichomoniasis, it is recommended to carry out studies using molecular biology to confirm the presence of the parasite in herds in the area.Item Prevalencia de nemátodos gastrointestinales en cerdos faenados en el camal municipal del cantón Pelileo(2024-08) Naula Sánchez, Erick Josué; Almeida Secaira, Roberto IsmaelThis research focuses on determining the presence and frequency of gastrointestinal nematodes in pigs slaughtered in the Pelileo municipal slaughterhouse. This study aims to evaluate the parasitic load of nematodes in pigs intended for human consumption, which is of utmost importance for public health and the pork industry. The methodology used included the collection of gastrointestinal tissue samples from pigs slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse, followed by coproparasitoscopic analysis to identify and quantify the presence of nematodes in the adult stage, as well as eggs and larvae in the samples. The results obtained provide relevant information on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitosis in pigs, allowing the impact on public health and the quality of pork to be evaluated. The findings of this research have significant implications for animal and human health, as well as the local pork industry. The data collected can be used to implement measures to control and prevent parasitic infections in pigs, contributing to food security and the well-being of the population. Furthermore, the identification of gastrointestinal nematodes in pigs slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of Pelileo Canton provides a solid basis for future research and actions aimed at improving pig management and production practices.Item Calidad microbiológica de canales de pollo (Gallus gallus) en centros de faenamiento que suministran al cantón Ambato(2023-03) Manzanillas Miranda, Carolina Beatriz; Cruz Quintana, Sandra MargaritaFoodborne diseases (ETA) are a public health problem, in which bacteria have a higher incidence in diarrheal infections. Consequently, food safety is a significant problem worldwide, because, in the areas where chicken carcasses are obtained, there may be different points of cross contamination, being Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Clostridium botulinum, Campylobater spp and Listeria monocytogenes the most frequent pathogens. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality of chicken carcasses (Gallus gallus) in slaughterhouses that supply the Ambato canton. The methodology that was used consisted of taking 45 samples of chicken meat, taking 5 samples per slaughterhouse; with which we worked in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Technical University of Ambato, counting mesophilic aerobics, sowing on selective agar such as Modified Chromogenic Listeria agar, MacConkey agar, agar, Buffered Peptone agar, Nutrient agar, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar, Triple Sugar Iron agar, Gram stain, oxidase and catalase test. The result that was obtained in the 45 samples collected in the nine different slaughterhouses were, 11 samples with values of 1.05 x 106 CFU/g, 4 with values of 9.18 x 106 CFU/g and 30 samples with values greater than 1.0 x 107 CFU/g, with an average count of 4.03 x 107 CFU/g. In the same way, of the 45 samples were identified, 2 samples of Listeria spp, 16 samples of Salmonella spp and 42 samples of Escherichia coli. On the other hand, the risk factors with the highest incidence in the contamination of chicken meat were the microbiological quality of drinking water, operator health safety, staff training, the scalding phase, evisceration, pre-cooling, cooling of the chicken meat and its safety.Item Identificación de patologías que causan decomisos de hígados en ganado bovino sacrificados en el Centro de Faenamiento Elina Torres(2023-03) Velásquez García, Joceline Gabriela; Kelly Alvear, Gerardo EnriqueThe present investigation was carried out in the "Centro de Faenamiento Elina Torres", San Francisco parish of the Tisaleo canton belonging to the province of Tungurahua, the purpose was to identify the hepatic anatomopathological lesions of all the bovines admitted to the slaughter plant, during 13 weeks of control that covered the months of July, August, September and October of the year 2022. In addition to registering the positive cases of anatomopathological lesions according to sex, the origin of the animals, the weight of the confiscated livers and the economic losses. The collected information was stored in Microsoft Excel and interpreted by the STATGRAPHICS CENTURION 16.103 program through descriptive, cross-sectional and analytical statistics. Veterinary inspection of 3,299 livers was carried out, of which 482 organs were completely seized, representing 14.61% of the cases positive for pathological lesions. Through a macroscopic examination, 10 hepatic lesions were identified with a greater predominance within the total seizures, Abscesses represented 37.1%, Distomatosis 20.8%, Cirrhosis 12.9%, Telangiectasia 10.8%, Necrosis the 5.2%, Cholangiohepatitis 5%, Adhesions 3.3%, Hepatolithiasis 3.1%, Fatty liver 1.5% and Vesicular Lesions 0.4%. Regarding sex, females obtained 76% of the total seizures and males barely 24%. In relation to origin, the provinces of Tungurahua and Chimborazo obtained the percentage values with the highest number of seizures, 47.8% and 45.4% respectively; while the Guano canton obtained 38%, followed by Ambato, Quero and Pelileo. In the establishment, the cost per pound of liver is USD 1.50, generating during the investigation phase an estimated economic loss of USD 11,394.48 out of a total of 7,596.32 pounds of livers with lesions subject to confiscation and an average of 15 .75 lbs.Item Análisis de las alteraciones anatomopatológicas durante la inspección post mortem en bovinos faenados en el Camal Municipal de la ciudad de Ambato(2023-03) Chonata Naranjo, Andrés Sebastián; Almeida Secaira, Roberto IsmaelThis research was carried out at the Municipal Cold Storage Plant in the city of Ambato, province of Tungurahua. The research process lasted 2 months (March 28 to May 28, 2022), the field work was based on the examination of anatomopathological lesions in seized viscera belonging to slaughtered cattle. The following results were obtained: as a first point, the anatomopathological findings found with a percentage of 40% of the lesion with more seizures corresponded to the pathology Distomatosis, followed by hepatic abscess with 15%, and Cirrhosis with the remaining 10%. With respect to pulmonary lesions, there were two main ones: hemorrhagic lung with 13% and pulmonary emphysema with 8%, all of them causing seizures in slaughtered cattle. According to the anatomopathological findings recorded, the total number of animals with lesions was classified according to age and sex, placing adult males (bulls) as the sex with more pathologies causing veterinary condemnation, leading the cases of Distomatosis and Hepatic Abscess; with respect to Cirrhosis and Hemorrhagic Lung, adult females (cows) lead the way. Finally, the main territorial areas of origin of the animals with more cases of anatomopathological lesions were determined, which are the reason for confiscation presented in the post-mortem examination of cattle that were slaughtered in the Municipal slaughterhouse of the city of Ambato. The highest number of cases was found in the province of Tungurahua, Píllaro canton, where the cattle with the most lesions come from, accounting for 35% of the totalnumber of cases in the canton to which it belongs.Item Frecuencia de Campylobacter spp en muestras de carne de pollo procedentes de plantas de faenamiento que suministran al cantón Ambato(2023-03) Toapanta Toapanta, Jeniffer Vanesa; Cruz Quintana, SandraCampylobacter spp. It is considered one of the most important meat contaminants as it is the cause of most foodborne diseases (ETAs) in humans, its main route of transmission is through contaminated food of animal origin. The slaughtering process plays a very important role in the dissemination of this bacterium, in this sense the slaughtering plants must comply with all hygienic-sanitary regulations to avoid the presence of Campylobacter spp. in chicken meat. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of Campylobacter spp, for which 45 samples were collected from 9 slaughter plants that supply chicken meat to the Ambato canton, the initial identification was carried out through microbiological and biochemical tests, such as the growth at 42°C, Gram stain, oxidase, catalase and motility, where 14 (31.11%) candidates for Campylobacter spp were obtained, however molecular identification by amplifying the 16S gene confirmed that the isolated bacteria were: Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus gallinarum, Aeromonas veronii, Escherichia coli, and Escherichia fergusonii. Finally, the risk factors associated with the contamination of chicken meat from the different slaughter plants were evaluated. In conclusion, it was possible to verify that the chicken meat from the slaughter plants under study contains potentially pathogenic bacteria for humans, putting consumers at great risk who develop gastrointestinal signs after consuming the contaminated meat.Item Evaluación del bienestar animal en dos plantas de faenamiento municipal en la etapa de insensibilización y post mortem de bovinos sacrificados(2021-04) Aguagallo Cando, Jalmar Joan; Guevara Freire, Deysi AlexandraResearch on animal welfare in slaughter processes has been increasing due to the interest given by the consumer during the purchase. Animal welfare is conceptualized as the comfortable environment in which an animal thrives. In the present study, the aim was to diagnose compliance with basic animal welfare standards during stunning. A sample of 400 cattle was required for each carcass in which indicators of sensitivity were measured during and after stunning. The results of the study were alarming when verifying the return of sensitivity by observation. The indicators studied were rhythmic respiration (Floor A 86.3% and 99.8% on floor B), corneal reflex (Floor A 86.3% and 98.8% on floor B), head and neck elevation (Plant A 76.3% and 98.3% in plant B), tail movement (Plant A 87.3% and 100% in plant B), regurgitation (Plant A 35.3% and 31.5% on floor B) and limb movement (Floor A and B 100%). Thus, the effect of the stun gun as a sacrifice method was also analyzed, precision (Plant A 50.8% and 28.5% in plant B), orientation (Plant A 11.75% and 4.25 % in plant B) and depth of the shot (Plant A 28.5% and 33.5% in plant B). It can be deduced that there is a breach of the animal welfare parameters according to Ley de mataderos, (1996), Temple Grandin, (1998) and the OIE, (2006), (2006), presuming that the possible causes are the inappropriate use of the stunning device, incorrect ergonomic design, limited personnel training, lack of maintenance of the gun, labor fatigue and incorrect design of the knockout box. The study recommends installing improvement actions in the short, medium and long term in order to mitigate the problem and favor animal welfare and the quality of the meat.Item Evaluación de bienestar animal durante el aturdimiento de bovinos sacrificados en un Centro de Faenamiento Municipal(2018) Villarroel Burgos, Karen Mishelle; Guevara Freire, Deysi AlexandraThe observation at the Puyo slaughter plant indicated that it is necessary to improve the stunning of the cattle so that it becomes insensitive before slaughter. The objective of this study was to determine if animal welfare standards were met, through sensitivity indicators and head inspection. During the stunning process, data from a total of 100 cattle were recorded in the slaughter plant. One hundred cattle were evaluated for baseline data; general information was recorded on the characteristics of the nozzle box and the compressed air gun used in the plant, in addition to specific antecedents such as: number of shots required until the animal falls, presence of signs indicating sensitivity (rhythmic breathing, vocalization, corneal reflex and eye movement, attempt to stop or elevation of the head), interval of time between the first shot and bleeding, and aiming the operator (knockout). It was determined that the stunning box did not have a headrest and the pneumatic stunner was powered by the same air compressor that uses all the pneumatic equipment in the cattle slaughtering plant. A descriptive analysis was used to compare results with existing reference data. The data obtained indicated that only 52% of the cattle collapsed instantaneously after one shot and the remaining 48% required 2 or more shots. The vocalization occurred in 27% of the cattle after stunning and 37% of the cattle had corneal reflexes, 41% rhythmic breathing presence was found, an attempt to raise the head in the bleeding rail (44%). The time interval between first shot and bleeding was measured with a chronometer, establishing the most frequent range between 1 and 2 minutes. Subsequently, the skinned and cut heads were inspected in the slaughter room, and the distance between the point called "white" (rostral region between the first and second pair of cranial nerves called percussion point) and the hole (s) of shots present was measured with a transparent plastic target. Regarding the presence of holes in the target, 4% was obtained, the remaining percentage (96%) of the holes were located more than 2 cm, which evidenced a deficiency in the aim.