Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Determinación del índice de requerimiento de fertilización de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) variedad Extremo a partir del análisis del extracto de savia(2024-12) Peñaloza Lozada María Belén; Peña Murillo Robinson FabricioOptimizing fertilization in horticultural crops can increase both yield and product quality while minimizing environmental impact. Traditionally, fertilization plans are based on soil analyses, which, however, do not always accurately reflect the specific nutritional needs of the plant. Sap analysis emerges as an alternative to assess the nutritional status of plants in real time. In the present research, the fertilization requirement index for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety Extremo was determined by analyzing the sap extract. The contents of essential nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) were quantified using the ion-selective electrode system, known as the LAQUAtwin meter, whose results were compared with those obtained by conventional tissue analysis methods. A high positive correlation was observed between both methods, with correlation values (r) ranging between 0.851 for phosphorus and 0.991 for nitrogen. Regarding primary nutrients (N, P and K), significant variations were identified depending on the crop development stage, with the highest absorption rates recorded at 30 (vegetative growth) and 60 (reproductive growth) days after transplant (dat). At 120 dat, a decrease in absorption was observed, especially of nitrogen and phosphorus, with this reduction being more pronounced in nitrogen. In contrast, calcium showed an increasing trend depending on the phenological state of the crop. Regarding magnesium, its absorption increased between 30 and 60 dat, then decreased towards the end of the cycle. Regarding micronutrients, an increase in the absorption of iron and manganese was observed between 30 and 60 dat, followed by a decrease until the end of the cycle, being more pronounced for manganese. Copper showed a decrease in absorption to 60 dat, with a subsequent increase towards the end of the cycle, while zinc showed a general tendency to decrease as the crop cycle progressed.Item Evaluación del efecto de fertilizantes foliares en el cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus Benth)(2024-08) Morales Cunalata, Erika Marlene; Zurita Vásquez, José HernánIn Ecuador, the blackberry crop (Rubus glaucus Benth) is an important contributor to the national economy due to its high market demand, attributable to its nutritional value and profitability. In the present research, the effect of foliar fertilizers on the blackberry crop (Rubus glaucus Benth), located in the parish of El Rosario, Condorahua, was evaluated. The study factors were two types of foliar fertilizers (Terranova Ca-B-Zn and Nutramento Ca-BZn) and doses (2.0 cc/lt, 3.0 cc/lt and 4.0 cc/lt) in order to determine which treatment increases crop yield. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block design with a 2x3 factorial arrangement plus a control with three replications, and was tested by Tukey significance tests at 5% using the Infostad statistical program. The variables evaluated were fruit weight, fruit TSS, fruit firmness, fruit equatorial and polar diameter, number of flowers/branch, number of fruits/branch and yield per plant. The results showed that the foliar fertilizer Nutramento Ca-B-Zn, applied at a dose of 3.0 cc/lt (treatment F2D2) during the flowering stage, increased fruit weight (9.24 g), improved fruit firmness (1.83 kg/cm), as well as equatorial (2.27 cm) and polar (2.89 cm) diameter, achieving large and medium sized fruits. In addition, a greater number of flowers per branch and fruits per branch were observed in plants treated with Nutramento Ca-B-Zn at a dose of 4.0 cc/lt, with averages of 24.73 flowers/branch and 24.01 fruits/branch. The calculated yield was significantly higher with treatment F2D2 (Nutramento Ca-B-Zn at a dose of 3.0 cc/lt), reaching an average of 1.48 kg/plant compared to the other treatments. The concentration of total soluble solids in the fruit was also influenced by both the type of product and the dose applied, being notably higher in plants treated with Terranova Ca-B-Zn at a dose of 4.0 cc/lt, reaching a value of 10.56 °Brix. Based on these results, the use of the foliar fertilizer Nutramento Ca-B-Zn is recommended for the nutrition of blackberry plants, in order to obtain fruits of better quality and higher yield.Item Efecto de soluciones nutritivas en sistema semi hidropónico automatizado sobre la respuesta morfológica, fisiológica, rendimiento agrícola y calidad de Fragaria ananassa Duch. var Albión(2024-08) Garcés Yugcha, Edison Israel; Leiva Mora, MichelThe objective of the present study was to determine the effect of nutrient solutions in an automated semi hydroponic system on the morphological, physiological, agricultural yield, and quality response of Fragaria ananassa Duch. var Albión in Tungurahua province, Tisaleo canton. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 treatments of different nutrient solutions was used: standard nutrient solution (T1), 25% reduced standard nutrient solution (T2), 12.5% increased standard nutrient solution (T3), and 25% increased standard nutrient solution (T4). The standard solution was based on the crop's requirements for each phenological stage, with the growth and development stage being the most representative at 29.03 ppm N, 4.23 ppm P, 23.79 ppm K, 14.38 ppm Ca, 4.07 ppm Mg, and 1.96 ppm S; and the fruiting stage at 19.38 ppm N, 3.28 ppm P, 22.57 ppm K, 6.44 ppm Ca, 3.18 ppm Mg, and 1.25 ppm S. Variables such as plant height, stolon number, leaflet number per plant, root length, leaf and root dry mass, fruit weight by category, average yield (g/plant), and soluble solids content were evaluated from transplanting to 176 DAT. The outstanding results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in the effect of the different nutrient solutions on root length, fruit weight by category, and soluble solids content. It was concluded that from the growth and development stage, the standard nutrient solution (T1) showed the best results, while for the physiological characteristics, the best results were obtained with the 12.5% increased standard nutrient solution (T3).Item Influencia del biocarbono sobre la respuesta morfofisiología de vitroplantas de Solanum tuberosum L. Var Superchola(2024-02) Mayorga Romero, Santiago Alberto; Munóz Espinosa, Manolo SebastiánThe study addresses the influence of biocarbon in vitroplants of Solanum tuberosum L. Var Superchola under greenhouse conditions. In a global context of agricultural challenges, biocarbon is presented as a sustainable strategy to improve productivity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Biocarbon, derived from organic residues such as teak, improves soil fertility, increases moisture retention and increases cation exchange capacity. The study focuses on the Superchola variety, important in the Ecuadorian diet and economy, with the objective of evaluating how vitroplants respond to teak biocarbon substrates. The research was carried out at the Technical University of Ambato. Based on the results obtained, they revealed that the combination of biocarbon and peat affects the morphophysiological response of vitroplants. Mixtures with a lower proportion of biocarbon showed better results, with Tb1-Bc0 (100% blond peat + 0% biocarbon) standing out. In addition, it was observed that high amounts of biocarbon negatively affect plant growth. Nutrient extraction varied according to substrate combinations, being advisable to optimize the choice of mixtures to promote a favorable morphophysiological response. The importance of monitoring biocarbon use is emphasized and further investigation of its interaction with plant morphology and nutrient extraction is suggested. As we have seen, the study offers guidelines to improve the sustainable production of potatoes, a vital species for food and economy in Ecuador, emphasizing the need for a careful and strategic management of biocarbon. Key words: Biochar, Vitroplants, Morphophysiology, Nutrients and Sustainable production.Item Efecto del biocarbono sobre la respuesta morfo-fisiológica de vitroplantas de Solanum tuberosum L. var. Cecilia en invernadero(2024-02) Del Castillo Bastidas Danny Fabián; Munóz Espinosa, Manolo SebastiánThe objective of this research was to determine the effect of different proportions of biocarbon (Tectopore) and peat as a substrate, on the morpho-physiological response of Solanum tuberosum L. Var vitroplants. Cecilia under greenhouse conditions. For the investigation, a completely randomized design (DCA) was used with 10 repetitions per treatment, integrating one vitroplant for each experimental unit. The treatments that were applied were the following: T1 (100% Tectopore), T2 (80% Tectopore + 20% Peat), T3 (50% Tectopore + 50% Peat), T4 (20% Tectopore + 80% Peat) and T5 (100% Peat). The variables that were analyzed were the survival rate of the plants, the number of shoots present, the number and length of the roots, presence, length and thickness of nodes, as well as the distance between nodes, the leaf area of the leaves, plant height, fresh matter, dry matter, number of mini tubers, weight and diameter of these. Finally, an analysis of the macro- and micronutrient content of the plants was carried out. The research findings determined that the incorporation of biocarbon significantly improved the survival percentage of the vitroplants, as well as the morphological response and nutrient content in them. In particular, T5 demonstrated superior results in the variables studied. In addition to this, variations in micro- and macronutrient concentrations highlighted the positive influence of biochar on the nutritional status of plants, where specific treatments reflected a tendency to meet the needs of certain nutrients. Keywords: biochar, explants, Solanum tuberosum, vitroplantsItem Aislamiento, caracterización e identificación de bacterias con capacidad fijadora de nitrógeno atmosférico asociadas con la rizosfera de Solanum tuberosum L. Var. Superchola(2024-02) Muñoz Muñoz, Kevin Alexis; Leiva Mora, MichelThe present research was developed with the purpose of isolating, characterizing and identifying in vitro atmospheric nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with the rhizosphere of S. tuberosum var. Superchola; as well as to determine their effect on the growth of potato vitroplants in greenhouses. Isolates were obtained from four localities in the province of Tungurahua, which were culturally and morphologically characterized. The in vitro atmospheric nitrogen fixation capacity was determined using modified Jensen culture medium, and molecular identification was performed by PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes. Finally, the effect of the bacterial isolates on the growth of potato vitroplants in greenhouses was determined. The results showed that in the canton of Píllaro there was the highest quantity of CFU. g-1 of soil (9.08 x 109), in the cultural characterization 87% had smooth texture, 42% flat surface, 82% smooth consistency, 42% circular shape, 84% entire margin and 95% showed brightness. In the morphological characterization of the isolates, 84% were Gram (-) bacteria and 95% were bacilli. The bacterial isolate with the highest atmospheric nitrogen-fixing potential was CC-FCAGP-BFN1 and the one with the lowest potential was CC-FCAGP-BFN15. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes identified the strains Pseudomonas sp. (CC-FCAGP-BFN1, CC-FCAGP-BFN16), CC-FCAGP-BFN14) and Paraburkholderia dipogonis (CC-FCAGP-BFN24), which showed a high capacity for atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Likewise, the bacterial strain CC-FCAGP-BFN1 (Pseudomonas sp.) was the only one that increased leaf area, fresh and dry mass and leaf area index of S. tuberosum vitroplants. Based on the above results, four bacterial strains were identified from the rhizosphere of S. tuberosum, one of which was the most promising for favoring vegetative growth due to its high capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen.Item Evaluación de dos fungicidas para el manejo de oídio (Oidium sp.) en el cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus)(2024-02) Lluglla Manotoa, Doris Elizabeth; Velástegui Espín, Giovanny PatricioThe blackberry (Rubus glaucus) is traditionally cultivated by small and medium-sized producers in the Sierra, it contributes in a very important way to the generation of economic resources and improving their quality of life. It has also been affected by the attack of pests and diseases due to edaphoclimatic conditions, the diseases that most attack the blackberry crop are Oidium sp, Anthracnose and Peronospora sparsa. The present investigation was carried out in the Tisaleo canton, Chilco la Esperanza hamlet, Nueva Esperanza neighborhood entitled "Evaluation of two fungicides for the management of Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) in the cultivation of blackberry (Rubus glaucus)", where the components study were different chemicals; Score with a dose of (0.375; 0.5; 0.625) and Predostar with a dose of (1.125; 1.5; 1.875). The experimental design used was a completely randomized block design (DBCA), with two products, three doses and a control (2*3+1). The variables evaluated were: incidence, severity, fruit weight and yield. Analysis of variance (ADEVA) and Tukey's significance test at 5% were performed for the respective variables. At the conclusion of the analysis of the titration work, it was observed that the best treatment for the management of Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) was the PID3 treatment with the Score product with a dose of 0.625 ml/L, in comparison to the other treatments, being the most efficient to reduce the percentage of incidence and severity, where it helped to obtain a heavier fruit, therefore, increasing crop yield. Keywords: Blackberry, Powdery mildew, Sheet music, Predostar, DoseItem Evaluación de la producción de forraje verde hidropónico de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) con nutrición mineral(2024-02) Gavilanes Pérez, Abraham Ezequiel; León Gordon, Olguer AlfredoProduction of hydroponic forage is a relevant technology for obtaining high-quality forage in a short time. In the case of barley, it represents the fourth most cultivated cereal in the world, which makes it very important for global agriculture. The objective of this research was to determine the performance of hydroponic green barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) forage under two nutrient solutions. Each nutrient solution varied in the content of nutrients such as N, P, K, other secondary macro elements (Mg, S and Ca) and microelements. Was evaluated the effect on plant height, fresh weight and dry root and aerial part, incidence of contaminants and yield in fresh weight of the shoot were evaluated. The solution A, with the highest nutrient content (N: 147ppm, P: 76ppm, K: 225ppm Ca: 120ppm) produced the highest plant height (19.1 cm), mat thickness was also achieved. root (5.8 cm), fresh and dry weight of the aerial part (60.9 and 24.9 g, respectively) and fresh and dry weight of the root mat (147.7 and 77.3 g, respectively) and, finally, higher yield (13.9 kg/m2). There was no effect of the nutrient solution on the number of leaves, quality of the root mat, incidence of contaminants and days to harvest. This type of technology is little known in the country, however, given the high quality of the forage obtained hydroponically, it is suggested that socialization campaigns be carried out among producers in the region to show the feasibility of its production. Keywords: barley, green fodder, hydroponicsItem Evaluación del efecto de fertilización con dos fuentes de calcio en el rendimiento de la papa (Solanum tuberosum)(2023-12) Valenzuela Coba, Katherine Gabriela; Santana Mayorga, Rita CumandáThe potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the fourth largest food crop worldwide and in Ecuador it is considered one of the main foods for families in the Ecuadorian Sierra area. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of fertilization with two sources of calcium on the yield of the Super Chola variety potato. In the experiment, two sources of calcium (Calcium Nitrate and Calcium Sulfate) and their effect on plant height, fresh and dry weight of tubers, yield and calcium content in the peel of potato tubers were evaluated. Plant height was measured at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing, while the rest of the variables were evaluated at the time of harvest. At 30 and 90 days after, the highest height was reached by potato plants fertilized with calcium nitrate, followed by plants treated with calcium sulfate. Regarding the weight of the tubers, no significant differences were observed due to the effect of the calcium source applied, but the plants treated with calcium nitrate produced tubers with a higher fresh weight (86.7 g), followed by those obtained from plants treated with sulfate. of calcium (77.8 g). Although the yield of the Super Chola variety potato plants was not significantly affected by the calcium source used, both sources caused greater yield when compared to the control treatment plants. The calcium content in the peel of potato tubers varied with the treatment, being higher in tubers obtained from plants treated with calcium nitrate and sulfate, reaching values of 0.201 and 0.197%, respectively. The yield and calcium content were improved by the use of calcium as sources of additional fertilization to NPK-based fertilizers, which is why its inclusion in fertilization programs is recommended.Item Equilibrio catiónico en la productividad del cultivo de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum Cav.) variedad amarillo gigante(2023-12) Morocho Quishpi, María Manuela; Guerrero Cando, David AníbalThe cultivation of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) in Ecuador energizes the local economy of small and medium producers in the provinces of Carchi, Imbabura, Cotopaxi, Tungurahua and Chimborazo, however, poor nutritional management results in a considerable reduction of productivity and quality of the fruit. In the El Altar parish, Penipe, the productive response of the tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav) giant yellow variety to the application of three cationic balances T1 (55% Ca, 20% K, 25 Mg), T2 (60%) was determined. Ca, 30%K, 10%Mg), T3 (80% Ca, 15%K, 5%Mg). Different variables were evaluated, such as fruit weight and diameter, number of fruit plant-1, plant yield-1, yield ha-1. and % dry matter. The results demonstrated that there is a positive relationship between the cationic balance doses on the yield of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav). In particular, the T2 treatment of cationic balance (60% Ca, 30% K, 10% Mg) is the one that presented the best response for the agronomic variables under study with a productivity of 44 Tn. ha-1. All treatments evaluated, including the absolute control, were profitable because the benefit-cost ratio was greater than unity. However, the highest level of profitability was achieved with the use of the cationic balance (60% Ca, 30% K, 10% Mg) with a value of 2,9 In short, the study shows that the optimal balance of cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) in the soil can significantly improve the productivity and profitability of tree tomato cultivation.