Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Conocimiento sobre los métodos de control de plagas agrícolas de los productores de maíz en los cantones Quito y Patate: una comparación(2024-02) Lesano Yaguar, Kevin Javier; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos LuisMaize crop (Zea mays L.) has spread rapidly throughout the world and has become one of the main cereal crops worldwide. As in other important crops, the use of agrochemicals is the main method of pest control, however, little is known about the level of farmers' knowledge about the risk of this type of strategy. In this sense, this research aimed to diagnose the knowledge of agricultural pest control methods of corn farmers in the Quito and Patate cantons. A structured survey was applied to a sample of 40 respondents in each study area. Among the main pests in both areas represented by the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugperda), cutworm (Agrotis spp.), slugs and aphids, chemical control being used as the main pest management method. According to the results, producers in both areas are unaware of or do not give importance to the risks associated with the excessive use of pesticides, such as problems to human, animal, soil and water health. In relation to the factors that determine this behavior, it is included that farmers consider that they are effective products for pest control and that, for Patate producers, they show a rapid effect in control. Finally, the almost total lack of knowledge on the part of farmers about the potential benefit of other strategies such as biological control, use of resistant varieties, among others, was confirmed. The design of training and awareness campaigns for corn producers is recommended to avoid damage to health and the environment. Keywords: pest control, sustainable strategies, corn, Patate, QuitoItem Valoración del conocimiento de los productores de hortalizas sobre el manejo sustentable de plagas agrícolas en la parroquia Izamba(2023-03) Quiña Telenchana, Jessica Gabriela; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos LuisAgricultural production constantly faces phytosanitary problems, such as pest attacks, which put crop productivity at risk. Therefore, one of the most commonly used practices for pest management is the use of chemical pesticides despite the well-known negative effects on human health and the ecosystem. In the present study, an attempt to assess the knowledge of vegetable producers about the management of agricultural pests was made in the Izamba parish. For the study, a structured survey with open and closed questions was applied to the producers. A high percentage of farmers considered that, although there are benefits derived from the use of chemical pesticides, they also pointed out negative aspects such as the need for training for their management and that they are also potentially dangerous when handling them and harmful to the environment. Also, it was evidenced that farmers know about other control alternatives, since 71% of the respondents said they applied some other pest management alternative, among which they indicated the use of cultural practices, biological control practices and/or traps with pheromones, as well as the use of homemade botanical extracts. Given the importance of evaluating the level of knowledge of farmers about the risks of the use of chemical products in the management of agricultural pests, it is suggested to develop similar investigations in different agricultural items in the province of Tungurahua in order to develop strategies of education on the best use of this strategy.Item Diagnóstico del nivel de conocimiento de los productores de especies frutales sobre las alternativas convencionales para el manejo de plagas agrícolas en el cantón Patate(2023-03) Barrera Punguil, Bryan Steven; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos LuisThe continuous crop production is frequently threatened by the presence of pests that can cause severe damage to agriculture with important economic consequences. Thus, the use of pest management tactics that are respectful of the environment and the health of both the farmer and the consumer is required. In this sense, in the present investigation a diagnosis was made on the level of knowledge of the producers of fruit species about the conventional alternatives for the management of agricultural pests in canton Patate. This research was carried out under a non-experimental, cross section through the application of a structured survey. Most of the farmers consider that there is not a high risk of the use of pesticides on the health of the people involved directly or indirectly with the agricultural production process. In the same way, most farmers do not perceive the risk of pesticides on the quality of environmental elements and natural enemies, health of domestic animals and wildlife. Concomitantly with the previous findings, it was found that most of the interviewees (71%) did not know and/or used other pest management practices other than chemical control during their last crop. Of the 26% that did apply an alternative method of pest management, they mainly used cultural practices, biological control, and the use of pheromone traps. The low level of knowledge that farmers have about alternative pest management strategies requires the implementation of training plans to show the benefits of biological control and other methods by demonstrating the proper use of these techniques.Item Diagnóstico del manejo sustentable de plagas agrícolas por los agricultores de la comunidad Manguihua Cochapamba Katitawa de la parroquia Salasaka(2022-09) Chango Sailema, Sandra Verónica; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos LuisThe agricultural tradition of the Salasaka community is characterized by its ancestral heritage, closely linked to its natural environment, which is maintained from generation to generation for its economic development. However, agricultural production is based on the indiscriminate use of chemical inputs, agricultural mechanization and the intensification of monoculture, which reduce the productive capacity of agricultural land, and together produce soil degradation and water pollution. In this study, perception of farmers from Salasaka (province of Tungurahua) in relation to the use of chemical pesticides was evaluated, as well as their knowledge about the strategies of sustainable management of agricultural pests. For this, a cross-sectional study was carried out through the application of a structured questionnaire applied to agricultural producers of the Manguihua Cochapamba Katitawa Community, Salasaka. Among the results, 60% of the farmers considered that pesticides are effective for the control of pests and diseases, quickly, and also increase productivity and stimulate plant growth. However, farmers also perceive negative aspects such as high cost (73.3%), potential damage when handling them (46.7%) and causing damage to the environment (73.3%). Although a high proportion of farmers stated that they knew about sustainable pest control alternatives, a very low percentage said they had used this type of strategy. This highlights the need for the development and implementation of training that shows the potential of these sustainable practices in order to achieve environmentally friendly agriculture.Item Evaluación del extracto orgánico de ajenjo (Artemisia absinthium L.) en tres concentraciones para controlar el pulgón (Brevicoryne brassicae) en el cultivo de brócoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Itálica)(2022-09) Tubon Solís, Carmen Cecilia; Santana Mayorga, Rita CumandáThe study was carried out at the experimental campus of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, in Querochaca, belonging to the Technical University of Ambato and located within the following geographical coordinates: 1º 22 ′ 02 ″ of South latitude and 78º 36 ′ 22 ″ of West longitude, with an altitude of 2850 meters above sea level. The plant material was subjected to the following conditions: average temperature of 12.7 ºC, annual precipitation of 632 mm, relative humidity of 76.1% and wind with a speed of 3.3 mm/sec. The research aimed to determine the appropriate concentration of wormwood extract to reduce aphid population (Brevicoryne brassicae) in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) crop. The factor under study was the wormwood extract used in 3 different concentrations (15%, 30% and 45%), additionally a commercial control was used. The analysis of variance was carried out in the experimental design of completely randomized blocks with 4 repetitions. The best result obtained by the Tukey tests with a significance level of 5% was the concentration of 45% (D3); the extract did not interfere with the normal development of the plant, but highly significant levels were observed for the variables incidence (82.5%) and severity (39.25%). The benefit/cost ratio showed us that the D3 treatment with the concentration at 45% obtained the best result; being this 0.26 times more than what was investedItem Evaluación de tres colores de acolchado plástico para la producción de fresa (Fragaria x Ananassa), variedad Albión, en la parroquia Montalvo, provincia de Tungurahua(2022-08) Acosta Villacis, Tatiana Macarena; Pérez Salinas, Marco OswaldoThe strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is very important for its high level of demand and production in different parts of the world, the fruit considered delight for magnificence, also has high levels of vitamins and minerals, so it is necessary to carry out research on new strategies that allow to increase the yield of the crop. Plastic padding stands out as one of the components that has the most influence on strawberry production, this thanks to the fact that it contributes to various benefits in cultivation. In this sense, in the present research the agronomic behavior of the strawberry crop with three colors of plastic padding was evaluated. In this way, different colors were used (black, white and silver) and compared with each other, different parameters were evaluated (plant height, weed population, fruit size, crop yield, soil temperature and attack of pests and diseases). In the plant height, a significant effect was observed from 90 and 120 days, demonstrating that black plastic mulch is the most recommended. For weed population there were significant differences throughout the evaluation period, with black plastic mulch demonstrating the best effect compared to white and silver. As for the size of the fruit, the polar and equatorial diameter was measured and in these two no significant differences were observed. In terms of performance, no significant effect was observed between treatments, but there were numerical differences, showing that the black color had a greater advantage with 5699 kg /ha compared to the white and silver plastic padding with 4793 kg/ha and 5002 kg/ha respectively. Both at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days the temperature varied and it was evident that black plastic always presented the highest temperature values in relation to white and silver plastics. The pests and diseases that were observed in the research were Spodoptera frugiperda, Oidium fragariae and Botrytis cinérea.Item Manejo de Eotetranychus lewisi (Acari: Tetranychidae) utilizando extracto etanólico de orégano (Lippia origanoides L.) bajo condiciones de laboratorio(2022-08) Guanotasig Sasig, Edison Goevanny; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos LuisThe tetranychid mite, Eotetranychus lewisi (Mcgregor) can feed on more than 71 host plant species and has a wide geographic distribution, including Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Peru and Ecuador. Due to its importance as a pest, in this study the use of oregano plant extract (Lippia origanoides L.) for the management of Eotetranychus lewisi was evaluated. For this purpose, different doses of the ethanolic extract of oregano (5, 10 and 15%) were used on the mortality rate, oviposition rate and longevity of the females of E. lewisi evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 h after the application under laboratory conditions, using the methodology referred to the rearing units. An increase in the mortality rate was observed as extract concentration increased, being more evident at 24 h after the application of the extract, since the mortality rate was 3.8 times higher with the concentration of 5% of the extract, while with 10 and 15% the rate was 5.5 and 8 times higher than the control treatment. Regarding the oviposition rate, an effect of the concentration was observed, but no variations were detected in the three days of evaluation within the same concentration. Finally, longevity had a reduction of 16.7% when 5% extract was used, while with concentrations of 10 and 15%, longevity was reduced between 46.6 and 49.4% in relation to females of the witness treatment. Based on the results, oregano extract could be included in an integrated management program that leads to a reduction in the use of chemical products.Item Evaluación de tres patrones con resistencia a nematodos en tomate riñón (Solanum lycopersicum) Var. Eterei(2022-03) Andrade Llambo, Bryan Daniel; Curay Quispe, Segundo EuclidesThe present research work was carried out with the objective of evaluating three patterns: Olimpo, Monarca and Briomino to resistance to nematodes for the kidney tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum L.), the same that was carried out in the Chiquicha parish, Pelileo canton, Tungurahua province, Located at an altitude of 2400 meters above sea level, with geographic coordinates of 1 ° 16 '0 "S South Latitude and 78 ° 31' 60" W West Longitude. The present research work was arranged in a randomized block design (DBA), with a factorial arrangement of 3 + 1 with four repetitions. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and then the data were examined using the 5% Tukey significance tests. In order to acquire the information, the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used, with comparison tests of Tukey's mean at 5%, and using the statistical program Infostat. For the number of nematodes, the treatment P3 (Briomino Pattern) is located in the first place with an average of 48 nematodes in 20 ml of sample, located in the range A. The same treatment stands out for plant height in centimeters, being located in the First place with an average of 191 centimeters in height, ranking in rank A. The same pattern stands out in stem diameter in centimeters, ranking first with an average of 2.72 centimeters in diameter, occupying rank A. On the other hand On the other hand, for the number of fruits, P1 (Olimpo Pattern) is located in the first place with an average of 4.03 fruits, occupying the rank A, it also occurs in fruit weight with an average of 654.23 grams of fruit weight. Finally, for the root volume variable, P3 (Briomino Pattern) stands out again, placing it in range A with a mean of 90.13 ml. In conclusion, the best pattern for nematode control is P3 (Briomino Pattern), but the use of P1 (Olympus Pattern) is recommended, since nematode control is also outstanding, but mainly because the productivity values of tomato are better than the other patterns discussedItem Evaluación del efecto antialimentario y actividad insecticida del aceite esencial de molle (Schinus molle L.) frente al gusano blanco de la papa (Premnotrypes vorax Hustache)(2018) Peña Caiza, Jairo Medardo; Villacís, LuisThe trial was carried out in Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Ambato Technical University, located in the Querochaca Experimental Farm, Cevallos canton, province of Tungurahua, at the latitude of 1º 22 "02" South and longitude of 78º 36' 22'' West, with altitude of 2 850 meters above sea level, with the objective of: determining the antifeedant effect and the percentage of mortality in eggs, larvae and adults that causes the 1essential oil of molle (Schinus molle L.) in 2white worm of the potato (Premnotrypes vorax Hustache); to more than perform the cost analysis. For each state of white worm (adults, larvae and eggs), the treatments were five doses of essential oil (dilution 0,5, 1, 2, 4 y 8%) and a control. The completely randomized block design (DBCA) was used, with six repetitions. The variance analysis (ADEVA) and Tukey tests were performed at 5%. The economic analysis was carried out establishing the production costs of each of the trials. The application of essential oil with 8% dilution (D5), reported the best results, when the highest adult mortality was obtained both in the reading at 24 hours (36,67%) and at 48 hours (30,00 %) and at 72 hours (13,33%). Likewise, a higher percentage of larval mortality was obtained (36,67% at 24 hours, 30,00% at 48 hours and 16,67% at 72 hours); the highest percentage of food inhibition (94,78% at 24 hours, 91,09% at 48 hours and 90,58% at 72 hours); the highest percentage of inhibition of larval hatching was achieved using molle essential oil with 8% dilution (D5) 80,00% inhibition. From cost analysis it is concluded that the highest cost corresponded to the dilution treatments of 8% (D5) ($ 12,129) and the lower cost to the dilution treatments of 0.5% (D1) ($ 11, 25).Item Control de gusano cogollero (spodoptera frugiperda) en el cultivo de maíz (zea mays l.)(2013-04-11) Chango Amaguaña, Luisa Isabel; Cherres R, NellyEl presente trabajo de investigación titulado “CONTROL DE GUSANO COGOLLERO (Spodoptera frugiperda) EN EL CULTIVO DE MAÍZ (Zea mays L.)”, se llevó a cabo en la propiedad de la Sra. María Carmelina Amaguaña, ubicada en el sector de Simón Bolívar, parroquia: Picaihua, cantón: Ambato, provincia: Tungurahua. Sus coordenadas geográficas son 01º 15' 12”de latitud Sur y 78º 34' 41” de longitud Oeste, a la altitud de 2 583 msnm, con el propósito de: determinar la dosis adecuada de Larvín impregnada en arena (5, 10 y 15 cc/0,45 kg de arena, respectivamente) y establecer la época adecuada de aplicación (a los 30 días, 60 días, 90 días y 120 días de la siembra, respectivamente) para el control del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda) en el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.); a más de efectuar el análisis económico de los tratamientos. Se empleó el diseño experimental de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA) con arreglo factorial 3 x 4 + 1 testigo, con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron doce, producto de la combinación de los factores en estudio más el testigo. Se efectuó el análisis de variancia (ADEVA), pruebas de significación de Tukey al 5%, para diferenciar entre tratamientos, factores en estudio e interacción y polinomios ortogonales con cálculo de correlación y regresión para el factor dosis de aplicación y épocas de aplicación. El análisis económico de los tratamientos se realizó aplicando el método de cálculo de la relación beneficio costo (RBC). La aplicación de Larvin en dosis de 15 cc/0,45 kg de arena (D3), produjo los mejores resultados, al controlar mejor la incidencia y severidad del ataque de gusano cogollero, por lo que las plantas experimentaron mayor crecimiento y desarrollo y mejoraron los rendimientos, al observarse en los tratamientos que la recibieron: menor porcentaje de incidencia (32,85%), como menor porcentaje de severidad (10,68%), mayor crecimiento en altura de planta (4,90 m) y los mejores rendimientos (20,65 t/ha de choclos), por lo que es la dosis apropiada en mezcla con arena, para reducir los efectos del ataque de la plaga en el cultivo de maíz. También se obtuvieron buenos resultados con la aplicación de la dosis de 10 cc/0,45 kg de arena (D2), especialmente con el segundo mejor rendimiento (20,29 t/ha de maíz suave). Con respecto al factor épocas, la aplicación de Larvin impregnado en arena a los 60 días de la siembra (E2), produjo los mejores resultados, al reducir la incidencia y severidad del ataque del gusano cogollero y consecuentemente mejorar los niveles de rendimiento del cultivo, al observarse en éstos tratamientos: menor porcentaje de incidencia (32,59%), como menor porcentaje de severidad (4,49%); mayor crecimiento en altura de planta (4,87 m) y los mejores rendimientos (26,27 t/ha de maíz suave); por lo que es la época de aplicación apropiada para la aplicación del insecticida y dotar a las plantas de mejores condiciones de desarrollo. Se destacaron también los tratamientos que recibieron aplicación de la mezcla a los 30 días de la siembra (E1), especialmente con el segundo menor porcentaje de incidencia (32,66%) y el segundo menor porcentaje de severidad (4,67%). Del análisis económico de los tratamientos se concluye que, el tratamiento D3E2 (15 cc/0,45 kg de arena, a los 60 días), alcanzó la mayor relación beneficio costo de 1,27 en donde los beneficios netos obtenidos fueron 1,27 veces lo invertido, siendo desde el punto de vista económico el tratamiento de mayor rentabilidad.