Carrera de Biotecnología
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Item Evaluación de la capacidad fitorremediadora del Eichhornia crassipes y Salvinia natans en aguas residuales de la PTAR Artezón -Píllaro(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Chiriboga Villagomez, Viviana Nataly; Flores Tapia, Nelly EstherThis study examines water pollution exacerbated by industrial and urban discharges, affecting the quality of water essential for agricultural irrigation and health. Therefore, the phytoremediation capacity of the species S. natans and E. crassipes in the wastewater of the Artezón Píllaro WWTP was evaluated. During the acclimatization process, both plants demonstrated their suitability for phytoremediation, achieving a reduction in COD with S. natans and E. crassipes. Treatments with different masses were applied: for E. crassipes, M1 0-500 g, M2 501-700 g, and M3 (701-800 g); and for S. natans, M1 (0-400 g), M2 (401-800 g), and M3 (801-900 g). Physicochemical and microbiological parameter analyses were performed at intervals of 0, 7, 15, 30, and 45 days, following the protocols of the Hanna manual and the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results showed that both plants reduce the levels of organic pollutants and heavy metals in the wastewater, varying according to the mass used and the type of plant. For E. crassipes, the M1 treatment showed high removal percentages in surfactants, total solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, COD, BOD, turbidity, color, chromium VI, copper, aluminum, total nitrogen, fecal coliforms, and total phosphorus. On the other hand, S. natans with the M3 treatment also showed efficient removal percentages in surfactants, total solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, COD, BOD, turbidity, color, chromium VI, copper, aluminum, total nitrogen, fecal coliforms, and total phosphorus.Item Efecto de la adición de lodos centrifugados de la PTAR – Ambato sobre el proceso de biodigestión de residuos verdes provenientes de mercados(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Cayo Almache, José Alexis; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidIn Ecuador there is no adequate waste collection system, a large amount of this waste ends up returning to the streets and rivers. The accumulation of these organic waste can generate various environmental problems if adequate treatment is not carried out. In this project, the biodigestion of organic matter from markets was studied, and the effect of the addition of centrifuged sludge from the WWTP - Ambato on the generation of biogas was identified. For this, four biodigesters were operated during the 12 weeks, which all started the same. The biodigesters initially contained the same components: inoculum (ten percent by volume), basal medium (sixty percent by volume) and liquefied green waste (thirty percent by volume). From the third week onwards, the biodigesters were fed with basal medium and green waste for the controls, while centrifuged sludge was added to the feed for the others. The analyzes showed a high concentration of nutrients in the centrifuged sludge (phosphorus, nitrogen and magnesium) that contribute to the microbiological transformation of organic matter into methane. Likewise, it was determined that the concentration of heavy metals such as chromium and cadmium, which can act as inhibitors, remained at values below the toxic threshold. However, these concentrations of heavy metals in the digestion liquor make its subsequent use as a biofertilizer difficult. Regarding biogas production, no significant difference could be observed between the control and sludge digesters.Item Evaluación de la capacidad fitorremediadora de Eichhornia crassipes y Pistia stratiotes en efluentes secundarios de industrias textiles y de curtiembre de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales Puerto Arturo (EP-EMAPA-A)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Buitrón Arellano, María de los Angeles; Flores Tapia, Nelly EstherThe growing issue of water pollution due to industrial discharges has led to an urgent need to find effective solutions in wastewater treatment plants worldwide. This study aims to investigate the phytoremediation capacity of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes in wastewater from textile and tanning industries, contributing to the improvement of the treatment process at the Puerto Arturo Wastewater Treatment Plant (EP-EMAPA-A). Experiments were conducted using the plants individually and in combination. Subsequently, physicochemical analyses of the parameters were carried out over a period of 2 months, with samples taken every 7, 15, 30, and 60 days. Wastewater was then analyzed during the decontamination process using protocols established by Hanna and Hach, adapted from the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results revealed that, individually, E. crassipes and P. stratiotes demonstrated notable abilities to remove contaminants, reaching optimal levels on the 30th day of the study. Specifically, E. crassipes excelled in the removal of turbidity, sulfates, and surfactants with percentages between 80 and 90 percent, while P. stratiotes proved effective in total suspended solids, total solids, COD, and BOD5, with percentages also ranging between 80 and 90 percent. The combination of both plants exhibited synergy only in color removal, with a percentage of 87,08 percent, although favorable results were not observed in other parameters.Item Evaluación la inhibición tóxica de Cd2+ y Cr6+ en la actividad metanogénica de un inóculo bacteriano proveniente de biosólidos del biodigestor de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Montero Vega, Lissbeth Vanessa; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe generation of sludge (biosolids) in wastewater treatment plants (PTAR) poses a problem for human health and the environment due to its high level of contamination. Treating biosolids through anaerobic digestion helps reduce contaminants while generating methane gas. However, the presence of heavy metals such as chromium or cadmium can lead to toxic inhibition and hinder the treatment process. For this reason, the objective of the project was to evaluate the toxic inhibition of cadmium (II) and chromium (VI) on the specific methanogenic activity (AME) of a bacterial inoculum derived from biosolids in Ambato's PTAR biodigester. Analytical methods were used to determine the main characteristics of the biosolids, and bioassays were conducted to monitor the AME. The results revealed that the biosolids contained contaminants such as organic matter, nutrients, and metals. Additionally, the AME of the inoculum (without the addition of metals) was 0.6 moles of methane per gram of bacterial biomass per day. The inhibitory effect caused a reduction in AME by 20, 50, and 80 percent with the addition of 15, 28.4, and 50 mg of cadmium per liter, respectively. These reductions in AME were observed for chromium (VI) with the addition of 75, 100, and 200 mg per liter, resulting in a reduction of 20, 50, and 80 percent, respectively. Finally, it was demonstrated that increasing concentrations of cadmium and chromium (VI) significantly decreased the AME, which would represent a potential risk for biosolids treatment in the PTAR.Item Evaluación de la reacción de Fenton sobre su efectividad en la remoción de materia orgánica de los efluentes de la planta de tratamiento de la curtiduría Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Montenegro Fajardo, Milena Lissette; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidTannery wastewater is a problem due to its high pollutant load, negatively affecting water quality. Its proper treatment is essential to preserve the environment. Therefore, the objective of this project is to evaluate the Fenton reaction in the removal of organic matter from the effluents of the Tungurahua tannery treatment plant, where the physicochemical properties of the residual water were characterized, followed by the identification of the optimal parameters for the Fenton process, the treatment of produced sludge and the evaluation of the biodegradability of the effluents by analyzing the ratio of BOD to COD. With which, through the Fenton reaction, a 45.3 percent COD removal was achieved, under a molar ratio of one to ten between iron and hydrogen peroxide, pH of 2.5 and a reaction time of 120 minutes, highlighting the effectiveness of the process in reducing organic matter present in the effluent, finding a ratio of 0.80 between milligrams of hydrogen peroxide and milligrams of COD. Furthermore, treatment 4 of the Fenton sludge treated with lime and cement turned out to be the most effective, complying with the established physicochemical parameters. Likewise, a favorable rate of 57.4 percent of biodegradability was found, which indicates that a significant part of the organic compounds can be decomposed by microorganisms, contributing to the improvement of environmental quality.Item Estudio de los criterios fisicoquímicos, microbiológicos y metales pesados en agua para consumo humano en la comunidad de Misquilli, en la parroquia de Santa Rosa, provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Lozada López, Jennifer Katherine; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe objective of this research is to characterize the water quality and determine the concentration of heavy metals in the community of Misquilli, belonging to the parish of Santa Rosa. Monitoring was carried out in May 2023, taking 6 samples along the water transport route, from its origin to the point of consumption. In addition, analyses of the physicochemical characteristics of the water were performed using the photometer for minerals and the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for heavy metals; in the microbiological analysis was performed from membrane filtration, following the allowable limits established in Annex 1 of the Environmental Quality Regulations (Table 1 TULSMA) for source water, and in Annex 2 of INEN Standard 1108:2014 for drinking water. The values obtained were interpreted by comparing them with the standards stipulated in the ordinance. Some physicochemical parameters were identified that exceeded the maximum permissible limits (MPL) in fluoride water with values between 3.7 to 4.2 milligrams per liter (MPL of 1.5 milligrams per liter INEN 1108:2014 and Table 1 TULSMA), cadmium with values 0.0032 and 0. 0046 milligrams per liter (MPL of 0.003 milligrams per liter INEN 1108:2014), free residual chlorine with values below 0.04 milligrams per liter (permissible range between 0.3 to 1.5 milligrams per liter INEN 1108:2014) and fecal coliforms with values of 15 CFU per 100 mL (MPL less than 1 CFU per 100 mL INEN 1108:2014).Item Caracterización del contenido en nutrientes y metales pesados en lodos provenientes de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Ambato (PTAR)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Sánchez Lascano, Alison Verónica; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidSustainable soil management is a priority for food production and environmental protection; therefore, sewage sludge becomes an agricultural management strategy to improve soil properties. This is the reason why, the centrifuge sludge and solidified sludge from the PTAR-Ambato were characterized based on their physicochemical characteristics (moisture content, organic matter and pH), heavy metal content (Cr, Pb, Cd, As, Co, Ni, Al) and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn). Through the maximum and minimum limits analysis, established in the current environmental regulations, the use of residual sludge in agriculture was measured. Indeed, the high content of nutrients (percentage) N, P and K with 3.05, 2.15 and 0.77 in centrifuge sludge; and 0.92, 41.27 and 1.01, in solidified sludge, respectively, make it a potential resource for nutrient recycling. However, the high moisture content (percentage) with 389.61 and 70.56, the low organic matter content (percentage) with 10.97 and 0.68 in centrifuge sludge and solidified sludge, respectively, as well as the high content of heavy metals (milligram per kilogram) such as elemental aluminum with 759.43 and hexavalent chromium with 82.68 limit their use in agriculture. In conclusion, residual sludge from the PTAR-Ambato could be stabilized before final disposal by prolonged alkalinization, composting or vermicomposting to obtain a product suitable for agriculture.Item Evaluación de la calidad del agua y determinación de metales pesados en sedimentos de la microcuenca del río Alajua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Moreano Panchi, Ana Belen; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThis study aims to evaluate the quality of surface water and determine the heavy metals in the sediments of the Alajua River micro watershed through the analysis of physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Consequently, it made a sampling campaign and determined five points in the high and low watersheds of the river. The results obtained from characterizing the water and sediment samples were analyzed with the maximum allowable limits set by Ecuadorian environmental legislation (TULSMA). In addition, parameters such as pH and conductivity are monitored at all test points, turbidity, sulfates, and nitrates in the water test, and metals in water sediments did not exceed the following limits: Al, Cd, Cr, As, and Ni. However, high concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Pb were found in the upper and lower watershed, exceeding the TULSMA limits. The results of the microbiological analysis showed total and fecal contamination at all points. The most polluted points were point 3 (200 meters below the Pungoloma-Quisapincha road), point 4, and point 5, located in the Aguaján sector. Two water quality indices, NSF and Dinius, were calculated from the data collected. The assessment of the water quality in the river with the two water indicators indicated the three points mentioned earlier to be suitable for human beings and acceptable for agricultural irrigation. In conclusion, the continuous monitoring of this micro-watershed should be constant.Item Caracterización de Rhizobium spp. a partir de haba (Vicia faba L.) en cuatro localidades del cantón Tisaleo(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Morales Miranda, Cynthia Monserrath; Pérez Salinas, Ruth NarcisaAgricultural productivity depends on the nutrients available in the soil, especially nitrogen. Currently, chemical fertilizers are used to improve production, without considering the pollution they generate. Biotechnological alternatives give a new approach to nitrogen fixation in legumes. In this research, nodules from broad bean (V. faba) were used, a commercial and essential legume due to its high content of proteins, vitamins and minerals; capable of fixing nitrogen through Rhizobium spp. 32 samples were collected in 4 locations of Tisaleo that were morphologically characterized, where 90 percent of them presented characteristics similar to Rhizobium spp. Biochemical tests were performed where 100 percent of these were positive for methyl red, Voges Proskauer, starch hydrolysis, and catalase, however, 98 percent of these were negative for hydrogen sulfide and TSI. A BOX-PCR was developed, to identify the existing genetic distance between them, from composite samples (16), great genetic variability was evidenced, with the formation of 2 groups from a similarity coefficient of 51 percent, being the sample that presented the most similarity in relation to the other QLU56 belonging to locality 4 and the samples that had a 95 percent similarity coefficient were ATS 78 and ATS12, belonging to locality 2. The results obtained are important for future research that involve the elaboration of biofertilizers as a friendly alternative to the environment.Item Monitoreo de las comunidades microbianas de la cuenca del río Cutuchi utilizando metabarcoding 16S rRNA e indicadores microbianos tradicionales(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Medina Pacheco, Jennifer Lissette; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoWater is an essential natural resource for life, human development and biodiversity conservation. In Ecuador, 83 percent of the population has access to drinking water, and in rural areas only 53.9 percent. Due to the difficulty of obtaining this resource, a large part of this population opts for river water for domestic activities, triggering gastrointestinal diseases. In this context, Cutuchi river are used in agricultural activities, however, they have presented worrying levels of pollution due to the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial water. In such a way that, the present study was based on the monitoring of the microbial communities of the Cutuchi river using 16S rRNA metabarcoding and traditional microbial indicators. The research line corresponds to Microbiology and Biotechnology. The results obtained showed that, in six of the seven points sampled, the densities were higher than 4 log10 CFU·100 mL at -1 for total coliforms, E. coli and somatic coliphages. A high concentration of fecal indicators resistant to tetracycline and ceftriaxone was detected. Metabarcoding 16S rRNA classified the microbial abundance into 9 phyla and 36 major bacterial species. The values obtained detail the presence of fecal bacteria typical of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, revealing a degradation in the water quality of the Cutuchi river. This study could be used as a baseline for the evaluation of the efficiency of the treatment plants, from the point of view of microbial populations in waters impacted by residual discharges.