Carrera Ingeniería Bioquímica
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Item Caracterización del proceso fermentativo de Aspergillus niger P.E.L. Van Tiegghem utilizando como sustrato cáscara de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) para el enriquecimiento proteico(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Fonseca Balseca, Lilibeth Berenize; Fernández Rivero, DanaePotato (Solanum tuberosum L) is one of the most frequent tubers in Ecuadorian’s basic food basket; it has a high demand in the market and its main use is in the food industry, however, the accumulation of its waste has become a problem, even though, biotechnological advances allow using this type of waste and generate other improvements through fermentation processes giving changes in its final composition. It has been shown that some fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, which are able to modify their metabolic pathway and increase in their final percentage of macronutrients The objective of this study was to characterize the fermentation process of Aspergillus niger using potato’s peel (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a substrate to the protein increase in the medium. In the initial phase, the fermentation time (5-8 days), the agitation speed (0-60 rpm) and the inoculum concentration (5000 and 50,000 conidia for gram of medium) were evaluated through a factorial design (23), these factors were important for the fermentation process; subsequently, fermentation was optimized and kinetic parameters were determined. Optimization resulted in a protein concentration of 16.3092 mg for ml and a biomass concentration of 0.9422 g for ml. Finally, the kinetic parameters of the microorganism in the optimized medium were determined obtaining a specific growth rate 𝑢= 0.005708 ℎ-1, a doubling time T = 121.42 ℎ and a yield 𝑌𝑥/𝑠 = 0.5074 g of biomass for mg of substrate consumed. The results obtained confirmed that there was an increase in the final protein level of the medium.Item Obtención de un extracto rico en carotenoides con capacidad antioxidante a escala de banco a partir de residuos agroindustriales del tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Urbina Calero, Walter Ramiro; Fernández Rivero, DanaeThe research project had to objective obtain an extract rich in carotenoids up to a scale of a bench, from the agroindustrial waste of the tree tomato (Solanum betaceum). The extraction of the carotenoids was conducted the dry vegetable residue and as solvent ethanol with a residue waste/solvent of 1/70, 50 Celsius degrees and 30 minutes on laboratory scales (0.5 L) and bench (3 and 5 L). The chemical physical characterization of the extract was performed, determining the humidity percentage equal to 99,90 percent, pH of 5,69, refractive index of 1,36, kinematic viscosity of 2,09 cSt.s-1, lycopenes concentration of 0.51 mg.L-1 and yield extraction of 34.34 mg.kg-1. In the microencapsulation the higher scale extract (5 L) was used, concentrating the sample until get 13.45 percent solids, determining the percentage yield in the microencapsulation process equal to 79.02 percent and the percentage of efficiency of microencapsulation of 99.39 percent, also an infrared spectroscopy analysis that corroborated these results considered to be favorable for higher scaling of the process. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH radical method by doing a Trolox calibration curve, obtaining 50.80 percent DPPH inhibition in the extract without concentrating, increasing by 200 percent in the concentrated extract. In the microencapsulated extract was obtained an 21.72 percent inhibition of DPPH equivalent to 142.72 µmol.L-1 with a decrease in antioxidant activity of 34.27 percent compared to the concentrated extract doing a dilution of 1/200.Item Obtención de un medio enriquecido en proteínas a partir de residuos de papa (Solanum tuberosum) por fermentación microbiana(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-08) Apunte Benalcázar, Denise Ivone; Fernández Rivero, DanaeIn the present work of investigation to obtain a half enriched in proteins by microbial fermentation, the physicochemical characterization of the domestic residues of potato was carried out (Solanum tuberosum), for this it was determined: pH, percentage of humidity, percentage of starch and concentration of protein in the superchola, chola and única varieties. By means of a completely random design it was possible to verify that there was no significant difference between the three potato varieties in terms of the percentage of starch. It was characterized macroscopically and microscopically to Aspergillus niger, microorganism isolated by students of the Faculty of Science and Engineering in Food and Biotechnology from organic substrates of lemon, to later use it in the microbial fermentation with the domestic waste characterized. In the research 4 media were formulated, by means of a Factorial design 22 the influence of the humidity factors (61 percent and 93 percent) and composition of the medium (without salts and salts) on the variable responses was determined: concentration of proteins and concentration of biomass, obtaining optimum values of 15,91 mg for every ml and 0,79 g for every ml respectively, in the medium formulated without salts and with a humidity of 61 percent. The kinetic parameters of the microorganism in the optimized medium were determined, obtaining as a result a specific growth speed u=0,016 h^(-1), a doubling time t_d=43,08 h and a yield Y_(x/s)=4,49 g of biomass/mg of substrate consumed.Item Cuantificación de metales pesados de muestras de lixiviado provenientes de residuos sólidos urbanos del relleno sanitario del cantón Baños de Agua Santa(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-06) Guevara Naranjo, Grace Valeria; Alvarez Calvache, Fernando CayetanoIn Baños de Agua Santa the solid waste management had an open-air dump in which there was no recycling, a serious environmental contamination, that is why by the end of 2017 the municipality sought alternatives that significantly improved the fate of garbage, going from having a dump without a technical management of waste and in the open, to a landfill with emerging cells, leachate management and technical closure; since then, no physical-chemical analysis was carried out to verify its operation. Therefore, the present work of Titulación carried out some analyzes to determine its operation. The heavy metals were quantified from leachate samples; in which 3 samples were collected with 1 replicate each, for three months, one day per month each, giving a total of 18 intakes, the intakes were made in well 1 settler, well 2 inlet to artificial wetland and well 3 final discharge that would be after the leachate treatment and before being discharged into the creek adjacent to the sanitary landfill. Physical chemical analyzes were performed such as pH, conductivity, COD, BOD_5, temperature, total solids, zinc, copper, arsenic and mercury determination. Verify the results obtained comply with the maximum permissible range established by the Environmental Quality standard for discharge of effluent to the water resource.Item Desarrollo de instructivos de Seguridad e Higiene Industrial a partir del análisis aerobiológico del relleno sanitario de la Empresa Pública Municipal Gestión Integral de Desechos Sólidos del cantón Salcedo(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-05) Vásconez Hurtado, Ingrid Nicole; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderThe aerobiological study was made in the Sanitary Landfill of Salcedo’s city, which process consisted of taking the air with sterile syringes of 20 cm3 and injecting it into 10 ml of Brain-heart infusion medium to incubate the microorganisms at 37°C. The objective was study the proliferation of microorganisms within the human organism, this study was carried out in the solid waste disposal area and the hospital waste area, where the presence of pathogenic microorganisms which may be responsible for infections in the worker was evaluated. To determine the biological risk was taken as reference the Royal Decree 664/1997 which establishes the microorganism’s classification according to their infectious capacity. In this research was found a couple of dangerous bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, which belong to the third group of this classification, indicating that these microorganisms are capable to produce serious pathologies and are therefore a serious risk to the worker's health and a possibility of spreading into the community. Due to the present risk in the evaluated area, a biosecurity instructive and an instructive about the use of PPE (personal protection equipment) and occupational hygiene were made, which mitigate the risk due to exposure to Salcedo Municipal GAD workers.Item Desarrollo de instructivos de Seguridad e Higiene Industrial a partir del análisis aerobiológico del relleno sanitario de la Empresa Pública Municipal Gestión Integral de Desechos Sólidos del cantón Salcedo(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-05) Solís Sánchez, Diego Alexis; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderThe aerobiological study was made in the Sanitary Landfill of Salcedo’s city, which process consisted of taking the air with sterile syringes of 20 cm3 and injecting it into 10 ml of Brain-heart infusion medium to incubate the microorganisms at 37°C. The objective was study the proliferation of microorganisms within the human organism, this study was carried out in the solid waste disposal area and the hospital waste area, where the presence of pathogenic microorganisms which may be responsible for infections in the worker was evaluated. To determine the biological risk was taken as reference the Royal Decree 664/1997 which establishes the microorganism’s classification according to their infectious capacity. In this research was found a couple of dangerous bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, which belong to the third group of this classification, indicating that these microorganisms are capable to produce serious pathologies and are therefore a serious risk to the worker's health and a possibility of spreading into the community. Due to the present risk in the evaluated area, a biosecurity instructive and an instructive about the use of PPE (personal protection equipment) and occupational hygiene were made, which mitigate the risk due to exposure to Salcedo Municipal GAD workers.Item Determinación de tipos de biomasa con potencial energético para la producción de biogás de los residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU) en la ciudad de Salcedo(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-05) Garcés Sánchez, Sonia Estefanía; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderIn the preliminary part of the project Estimation of the energetic potential by thermal-physical analysis of urban solid waste (USW) of the city of Salcedo and anaerobic digestion with infrared radiation. A multiple kind of biomass with energetic potential for biogas production from solid urban waste was determined by classifying the USW in this city, the quantification of the percentage contribution of each kind of waste, and the application of the mathematics models for the determination of the generation of flow of biogas. The classification included 9 types of waste, which only 4 were considered as biomass (easy and fast anaerobic degradation), the contribution of the biomass was 63% of the total of the sampled waste (720 kg) during 36 days. The application of the mathematics models was carried out with the projection of weights of the waste from 2015 to 2030. The Ecuadorian model had the best annual average of biogas production flow (〖9,62x10〗^4 m^3) and consequently an energetic value per year of 〖4,86x10〗^5 kWh.Item Evaluación de bioaerosoles asociados en el sitio de desposición final de residuos sólidos en la Empresa Pública de Aseo y Gestión Ambiental del cantón Latacunga (EPAGAL)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-04) Acosta Hurtado, César Ismael; Vargas López, José HomeroThe bioaerosols present in the common waste area and in the hospital waste area of the final disposal site of solid wastes were evaluated in the Empresa Publica de Aseo y Gestion Ambiental of Latacunga canton (EPAGAL). Sampling was performed at five different points, recording environment temperature and relative humidity, for 24 days from Monday to Saturday at 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. in each of the zones, inoculating 1000 cc of air in breeding grounds Brain Heart Infusion. Microbial concentrations were estimated using a McFarland curve, with results in the range of 1,00135*1010 CFU/ml at 16 °C and 63% RH and 1,06*107 CFU/ml at 13 °C and 100% RH for common waste, while for hospital waste 6,9041*109 CFU / ml at 16 °C and 63% RH and 1,06*107 CFU/ml at 13 °C and 94% RH. By means of the IMVIC biochemical tests, a total of 91 bacteria were isolated, with six species of enterobacteria Shigella sonnei, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter koseri and Escherichia coli and three genera Salmonella, Enterobacter and Providencia. It was not possible to identify 15 bacterial strains because they did not present bibliographically comparable results. The presence of enterobacteria and high microbial concentrations in these areas are the main cause of gastrointestinal diseases in both workers and surrounding populations.Item Evaluación de bioaerosoles asociados en el sitio de desposición final de residuos sólidos en la Empresa Pública de Aseo y Gestión Ambiental del cantón Latacunga (EPAGAL)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-04) Muso Jami, Edwin Fabian; Vargas López, José HomeroThe bioaerosols present in the common waste area and in the hospital waste area of the final disposal site of solid wastes were evaluated in the Empresa Publica de Aseo y Gestion Ambiental of Latacunga canton (EPAGAL). Sampling was performed at five different points, recording environment temperature and relative humidity, for 24 days from Monday to Saturday at 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. in each of the zones, inoculating 1000 cc of air in breeding grounds Brain Heart Infusion. Microbial concentrations were estimated using a McFarland curve, with results in the range of 1,00135*1010 CFU/ml at 16 °C and 63% RH and 1,06*107 CFU/ml at 13 °C and 100% RH for common waste, while for hospital waste 6,9041*109 CFU / ml at 16 °C and 63% RH and 1,06*107 CFU/ml at 13 °C and 94% RH. By means of the IMVIC biochemical tests, a total of 91 bacteria were isolated, with six species of enterobacteria Shigella sonnei, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter koseri and Escherichia coli and three genera Salmonella, Enterobacter and Providencia. It was not possible to identify 15 bacterial strains because they did not present bibliographically comparable results. The presence of enterobacteria and high microbial concentrations in these areas are the main cause of gastrointestinal diseases in both workers and surrounding populations.Item Desarrollo de un desengrasante de manos en espuma a partir de aceite esencial de cortezas de naranja (Citrus spp.) para el Laboratorio Génesis LABGENESIS Cía. Ltda.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-04) Telenchana Telenchana, Mayra Alexandra; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe application of natural essential oil of orange peel in the development of a cosmetic formulation as a degreaser of hands in foam by the presence of limonene in its composition, is an alternative of taking advantage of solid wastes generated in the agroindustralization of the orange. For the present investigation the essential oil was extracted by steam distillation, knowing the composition of the same by means of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry. The extract yield of the orange essential oil was 27,60 ± 7,31%, proving the presence of the main component of interest, known as limonene with a relative concentration of 53,09%. The degreasing formulation was optimized with a higher foam index and good compatibility with essential oil (5%), betaine (1%), glycerin (0,5%), propylene glycol (5%), sodium lauryl ether sulfate triethanolamine (1%), EDTA (0,01%) and methyl paraben (0,01%) with a basic pH of 8.16, with excellent fat removal and pleasant aroma. It was estimated a period of one year of life of the finished product and its biodegradation in approximately 28 days.