Análisis de costos externos negativos en buses de transporte urbano, producidos por la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, caso Ambato

Abstract

In this experimental work, the negative external costs of urban transport buses, produced by the emission of greenhouse gases in the city of Ambato, were analyzed. Information was collected from the five urban bus operators (cooperatives) to determine the study population of 391 buses. The buses were classified by EURO technology (EURO 1: 36, EURO 2: 251 and EURO 3: 104). For the measurement of gases, a Bacharach model ECA 450 environmental combustion analyzer was used to determine the concentrations of each greenhouse gas emitted into the atmosphere by means of stoichiometric and physical calculations. The gases analyzed were carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, which were expressed in tons of carbon dioxide equivalent using the updated value assigned by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) known as the Global Warming Potential. An emission of 8,792.38 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent was estimated for a period of one year of operation. The statistical analysis was performed with the Welch ANOVA method while the GamesHowell method was used for the post-hoc analysis. A statistically significant difference was found between the EURO 2 and EURO 3 groups. For the calculation of the externality, the shadow price of EUR 140 (approx. USD 160) was used, which corresponds to an external cost equivalent to EUR 1,230,933.20 (USD 1,403,263).